Friday, October 19, 2018

Size Calculations for Carnivorous Theropods.

My size calculations for theropod dinosaurs.

Update (9/11/19): All specimen sizes are up-to-date!

The Percentage Increase/Decrease Method:
1. Take new number and subtract it from original number.
2. Take that number and divide it by the original number and multiply by 100.
3. That number will by your percentage increase or decrease if it's negative.

Ex.: "Stan's" Femur is 130 and has a body length of 12.2 meters. "Wyrex" has a femur length of 132.7 cm.

132.7 - 130 = 2.7.
2.7 divided by (represented by "/") and multiplied by (represented by "*") equals 2.1.
(2.7/130*100 = 2.1)
2.1 is your percentage increase, or 2.1% increase.
12.2 m + 2.1% = 12.5 meters for "Wyrex."

Links:
Percentage Increase/Decrease Method Links:
"Percentage Change - Percentage Increase and Decrease." SkillsYouNeed:
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/percent-change.html
"Relative Increase." percentage.calculators.ro:
https://percentages.calculators.ro/15-percentage-increase-from-original-number-to-new-value.php

Tyrannosaurus rex:
1. BHI 3033 ("Stan"):
I grew up with this specimen. Whenever I go to the Smithsonian Natural History Museum in Washington D.C, he's my favorite part of the exhibit.

I couldn't find a picture of "Stan's" femur to measure, so I'm going with the original femur length given:

 Femur (Original Size): 130.0 cm. (BHIGR)

Compared to MOR 555, with a femur that was 128 cm in length, "Stan" would be 12.2 meters long.

MOR 555's Measurements (Farlow et al., 1995):
Femur: 128 cm.
Body: 11.96 or 12.0 meters. (Farlow et al., 1995) (Natural Museums Scotland)

128 - 130 = 2.
2/128*100 = 1.6% increase.
12.0 m + 1.6% = 12.2 meters for "Stan."

(Update 8/27/19): MOR 555's femur is now 130 cm. This makes MOR 555 12.2 meters as well.

According to the Black Hills Institute's (BHIGR) website, "Stan" was 12.2 meters long with a 130-cm femur. Therefore, any T.rex with a 130-cm femur would be 12.2 meters long.

Note (8/4/19): I'm sticking with the 130-cm femur length because I did manage to find a picture of "Stan's" femur in Larson and Carpenter (2008) (pg. 121). However, I got 155 cm for it (straight side)! I know that's WAY too big for this specimen. Also, Larson and Carpenter (2008) gave "Stan's" femur a length of 131 cm (pg. 122), so 155 cm is just too big. Therefore, I'm sticking with the original femur length.

BHI 3033's Femur ("A") (Larson and Carpenter (2008) (pg. 121):
Update (9/5/19): I found a picture of "Stan's" skull in Carpenter (2013) (pg. 268) (Scale bar is 10 cm):
Measurement 1 (9/5/19):
*Maxilla: 76 cm.
*Dentary: 91 cm.
Skull: 142 cm.
Mandible: 126 cm (Measured on 3/21/21).

Measurement 2 (9/5/19):
*Maxilla: 76 cm.
Dentary: 90 cm.

Measurement 3 (9/5/19):
*Maxilla: 76 cm (at best).
Dentary: 90 cm.

AMNH 5027:
Dentary: 94 cm.
Body: 12.6 meters.

91 - 94 = 3.
3/91*100 = 3.3% increase.
12.2 m + 3.3% = 41 feet (12.6 meters).
147 cm + 3.3% = 151.9 cm for the skull.
12.6 m - 3.3% = 12.2 meters for "Stan."
91 - 94 = 3.
3/94*100 = 3.2% decrease.
12.6 m - 3.2% = 40 feet (12.2 meters) for "Stan."

Correction: 91 cm seems correct. Perhaps BHIGR really did meant that the full dentary really is 91 cm. This was also mention in the BHIGR Catalog (2012) (p. 2):
***Conclusion:
Maxilla: 76 cm (Measured in Carpenter, 2013, p. 268).
Dentary: 91 cm (Measured in Carpenter, 2013, pg. 268) (BHIGR) (BHIGR Catalog, 2012, p. 2).
Skull: 147 cm (Based on AMNH 5027) (BHIGR) (BHIGR Catalog, 2012, p. 2).
Body: 40 feet (12.2 meters) (BHIGR) (BHIGR Catalog, 2012, pg. 2).

BHI 3033's Total Length: 40 feet (12.2 meters).

Note: I also got 130 cm for "Stan's" femur from Paleofile. (Measured again on 12/27/19)

"Stan's" Stats:
Femur: 130.0 cm. (BHIGR) (Paleofile)
Maxilla: 76 cm. (Measured in Carpenter, 2013, pg. 268)
Dentary: 91 cm. (Measured in Carpenter, 2013, pg. 268) (BHIGR) (BHIGR Catalog, 2012, pg. 2)
Skull: 147 cm. (BHIGR) (BHIGR Catalog, 2012, pg. 2)
Body: 12.2 meters. (BHIGR) (BHIGR Catalog, 2012, pg. 2)
Age: 18. (Erickson et al., 2005, pg. 13)
Weight: 6 tons (NMNH)
Tibia: 109.6 cm (11.6% smaller than "Sue's," based on maxilla).

Links:
Skull:
BHIGR:
http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=48
Link 2:
http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=49
BHIGR Catalog (2012) (pg. 2):
http://www.bhigr.com/catalog/BHIGR-Catalog.pdf
Femur:
BHIGR:
http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=546
Paleofile:
http://www.paleofile.com/Dinosaurs/Theropods/Tyrannosaurus.asp
Larson and Carpenter (2008) (pg. 121-122):
https://books.google.com/books?id=5WH9RnfKco4C&pg=PR4&dq=larson+and+carpenter+2008+tyrannosaurus&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDgfPJ5LjkAhXDUt8KHc6hDo4Q6AEwAnoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=bhi%203033%20femur&f=false
Dentary:
BHIGR:
http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=50&cat=2&page=1
BHIGR Catalog (2012) (pg. 2):
http://www.bhigr.com/catalog/BHIGR-Catalog.pdf
Body Length:
BHIGR:
http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=46&cat=2&page=1
BHIGR Catalog (2012) (pg. 2):
http://www.bhigr.com/catalog/BHIGR-Catalog.pdf
Maxilla:
Carpenter (2013) (pg. 268):
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kenneth_Carpenter3/publication/289279026_A_closer_look_at_the_hypothesis_of_scavenging_versus_predation_by_Tyrannosaurus_rex/links/58c6dd1f92851c653192b206/A-closer-look-at-the-hypothesis-of-scavenging-versus-predation-by-Tyrannosaurus-rex.pdf
Backup Picture:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Left-maxillae-of-Tyrannosaurus-rex-in-A-B-lateral-view-CMNH-9380-reversed-and-C_fig2_260561984
Age:
Erickson et al., (2006) (Pg 14):
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2006/07/11/313.5784.213.DC1/Erickson.SOM.pdf

Link 2:

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2006/07/11/313.5784.213.DC1/Erickson.SOM.pdf

Paper: 
http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~martin/BS3b/erickson.pdf


2. MOR 555 ("Wankel Rex"/"Nation's Rex"):
MOR 555's Femur Lengths:
1. Larson (1994) (pg. 142): 130 cm. (Same as "Stan")

2. Farlow et al., (1995) gave 128.0 cm for MOR's femur (pg. 715). They also gave it a body length of 12.0 meters. National Museums Scotland gave the same body length.

3. Theropod Database: 127.7 cm.

It seems that the original femur length for MOR 555 is 130 cm, just like "Stan's." Therefore, I'm going to give MOR 555 the same body length as "Stan."

MOR 555's Femur Length (Larson, 1994, pg. 142):
Also, Horner and Lessem (1993 gave MOR 555 a length of 40 feet on pg. 144. They also gave it a skull length of 5 feet. "Stan's" skull is 147 cm long, which is also 5 feet. Therefore, MOR 555 is 40 feet long (12.2 meters), with a skull length of 147 cm, and a femur length of 130 cm.

 Weight:
Horner and Lessem (1993) state that paleontologist Jim Farlow gave MOR 555 a weight of 6.5 tons (pg. 199). Farlow et al., (1995) gave MOR 555 a weight of 6000 kg, which is 6.6 tons. Dave Smith (1995) gave MOR 555 a weight of 6 tons, and a body length of 40 feet. Therefore, MOR 555 weighed about 6-6.6 tons.

The age of this specimens spans from 14-22 years (Horner and Padian, 2004) (Erickson et al., 2005) (Orf, 2014) (Hendrix, 2019) (National Museums Scotland). Horner and Padian (2014) used a cross-section of its tibia to guess its age at around 14 years old (pg. 1877). Horner in 2013 also said that the specimen is still growing (Schontzler, 2013). T.rex stops growing at around age 18 (Erickson et al., 2004, pg. 773) (Science Daily, 2004), so age 14 seems to be more accurate for MOR 555.

 MOR 555's Total Length: 40 feet (12.2 meters).
Age: 14 (Horner and Padian, 2004, pg. 1877).
Age 18: 44 feet (13.4 meters)(?) (My estimate).

Just to make sure that this specimen is really 40 feet long, or the same size as "Stan," I estimated the size of "Stan's" tibia based on his maxilla, and compared it to "Sue's":

86 - 76 = 10.
10/86*100 = 11.6% decrease.
124 - 11.6% = 109.6 cm for "Stan's" tibia.

This is extremely close to what Larson (1994) gave to MOR 555's tibia, which is 109 cm. I will gave the same length to MOR 555's tibia, but keep the 130-cm length for MOR 555's femur.

Update (3/21/21): Carr (2020) says that MOR 555's estimate of 14 years of age was based on a damaged bone, so the actual age of the animal is older (Materials and Methods: Chronological age data"). He gave the animal an age of 25 (Figure 12, number 23).

MOR 555's Stats:
Femur: 130.0 cm. (Larson, 1994, pg. 142)
Tibia: 109.6 cm.
Weight: 6-6.5 tons. (Horner and Lessem, 1993, pg. 199) (Farlow et al., 1995) (Dave Smith, 1995)
Age: 25. (Carr, 2020, Figure 12, number 23)

Fun Fact: I FINALLY saw this specimen at the museum on 8/17/19, and it was a magnificent sight!

Notes: 
-Currie and Carpenter (1999) says that "Stan" and "Wankel Rex" are the same size (pg. 208).

-NMNH says that "Stan" is 40 feet long and weighed 6 tons. "Wankel Rex" is also said to have weighed 6-6.5 tons, so this also seems to conclude that "Wankel Rex" is 40 feet long.

Update (6/30/20): A replica of MOR's skull has been created by Master Replicas. It measures 58 inches (147.3 cm) long (also noted on Amazon, "Product Information"). However, it has also been given a length of 60 inches (Toynk.com) (Amazon). However, Toynk.com and Amazon have stated that the skull was made by Master Replicas, so Master Replicas' length of 58 inches is the correct length.

Therefore, based on "Stan's" skull, MOR 555 is 12.2 meters long:
147 - 147.3 = 0.3.
0.3/147*100 = 0.2% increase.
12.2 m + 0.2% = 12.2 meters.

MOR 555's Stats:
Skull: 147.3 cm. (Master Replicas)
Femur: 130 cm. (Larson, 1994, pg. 142)
Tibia: 109.6 cm. (Also given a length of 109 cm in Larson, 1994, pg. 142)
Age: 25. (Carr, 2020, Figure 12, Number 23)

Links:
Horner and Lessem (1993):
Larson (1994) (Page 142):
Farlow et al., (1995) (Pg. 715):
Theropod Database:
National Museums Scotland:
Age:
Carr (2020) (Figure 12):
https://peerj.com/articles/9192/
Hendrix (2019):
Orf (2014):
Erickson et al., (2006) (Supplementary Materials) (Pg. 14):
Horner and Padian (2004) (Pg. 1877):
National Museums Scotland:
Erickson et al., (2004) (pg. 773):
http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/tmp/lovejoy/Erickson-et-al_04_tyrannosaurid-growth.pdf
Science Daily (2004):

3. UWBM 99000 ("Tufts-Love Rex"):
The dentary is stated to be three feet long (Burke Museum, 12/1/2016):
Dentary:
Three feet is 91.4 cm.

The specimen is also said to have been 12.2 meters long (IFL Science, 2016) (Burke Museum, 8/17/2016), and the 91.4-cm length is consistent with "Stan's" 91-cm dentary.

"Stan":
Dentary: 91 cm.
Body: 12.2 meters.

91.4 - 91 = 0.4.
0.4/91*100 = 0.4% increase.
12.2 m + 0.4% = 12.3 meters.

It looks like this specimen was 40 feet after all. However, it was only 15 years old (IFL Science, 2016) (Burke Museum, 8/17/2016).

Age 18: 43 feet (13.1 meters)(?). (My Estimation)

UWBM 99000's Total Length: 40 feet (12.3 meters).
Age: 15.
Age 18: 43 feet (13.1 meters)(?). (My Estimation)

Link:
Dentary:
Burke Museum (12/1/2016):
https://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/part-t-rex-lower-jaw-emerges-teeth
Size and Age:
IFL Science (2016):
https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/brand-new-trex-fossil-significant-specimens-ever-found/
Burke Museum (8/17/2016):
https://www.burkemuseum.org/news/burke-museum-team-discovers-t-rex
Specimen Name:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specimens_of_Tyrannosaurus#"Tufts-Love":_UWBM_99000

4. MB.R.91216 ("Tristan Otto"):
Maxilla:
Length: 77 cm. (Measured on 9/5/19)

"Stan":
Maxilla: 76 cm.
Body: 12.2 meters.

77 - 76 = 1.
1/76*100 = 1.3% increase.
12.2 m + 1.3% = 12.4 meters.

MB.R.91216's Total Length: 41 feet (12.4 meters).
Maxilla: 77 cm.

Links:
Maxilla:
Pic:
https://images.app.goo.gl/Jje6ykt5jo3XMfPu7
Link:
https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/tyrannosaurus-rex-tristan-otto-left-dentary-with-malformation/qgEbwUZEa0zBrQ
Specimen's Name:
https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/museum/ausstellungen/tristan-otto
Link 2:
https://www.jpaleontologicaltechniques.org/pasta3/JPT%20N21/Pdf/JPT_n021_Dec.pdf

5. AMNH 5027:
AMNH was given the same weight as CM 9380 (8.0 tons) (Snively et al., 2018), and Larson (1994) gave it the same ilium length as CM 9380, so it looks like they were the same size.

However, Dalman (2013) shows AMNH's and "Stan's" mandibles (jaws). It looks like AMNH was slightly bigger than "Stan."

AMNH 5027's and BHI 3033's Mandibles (Dalman, 2013):
Update (8/27/19): Skull (Cast) (WitmerLab Dinosaur Skull Collection):
Dentary: 96.5 cm. (At best) (Measured on 9/4/19)
Update (3/13/21):
Dentary: 87.5 cm (at best).
Maxilla: *74.4 or 78.5 cm (at best).

BHI 3033:
Dentary (Complete): 91 cm.
Skull: 147.0 cm.
Length: 40 feet (12.2 meters).

96.5 - 91 = 5.5.
5.5/91*100 = 6% increase.
12.2 m + 6% = 42 feet (12.9 meters).

Update (9/5/19): Skull picture from Carr and Williamson (2004) (Figure 19):
(Assuming the scale bar is 20 cm):
Maxilla: 78 cm.
Dentary: 93 cm.
Skull: 151 cm. (I got it one other time but I disregarded it)

If scale bar is 10 cm only, then the maxilla would have been 38 cm. That doesn't seem right. 78 cm sounds better.

"Stan":
Maxilla: 76 cm.
Dentary: 91 cm.
Skull: 147 cm.
Body: 12.2 meters.

Maxilla:
78 - 76 = 2.
2/76*100 = 2.6% increase.
12.2 m + 2.6% = 12.5 meters.

Update (3/13/21): Right Dentary (Cast) (WitmerLab Dinosaur Skull Collection) (Also used in Dalman, 2013) (Scale bar is 9 cm):
Length: 94 cm (at best) (got it twice).

"Stan":
Maxilla: 76 cm.
Dentary: 91 cm.
Skull: 147 cm.

91 - 94.5 = 3.
3/91*100 = 3.3% increase.
12.2 m + 3.9% = 41 feet (12.6 meters).
147 cm + 3.9% = 151.9 cm for the skull.

I guess AMNH 5027 is slightly bigger than "Stan" after all.

AMNH 5027's Total Length: 41 feet (12.6 meters).

AMNH 5027's Stats:
Dentary: 94 cm.
Skull: 151.9 cm.
Age: 21-23. (Erickson et al., 2006, pg. 14) (Carr, 2020, Figure 12, Number 17)

Links:
Skeleton Pic:
https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/saurischian-dinosaurs/tyrannosaurus-rex
Skull Pictures:
Carr and Williamson (2004) (Figure 19):
https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/142/4/479/2632290
WitmerLab Dinosaur Skull Collection:
https://people.ohio.edu/witmerl/collections/Theropods/tyrannosaurus.htm
Skull:
https://people.ohio.edu/witmerl/collections/images/tyrannosaurus_AMNH_DSC_9634.JPG
Dentary (as used in Dalman, 2013):
https://people.ohio.edu/witmerl/collections/images/tyrannosaurus_AMNH_DSC_9311.JPG
Dalman (2013):
https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-54/issue-2/014.054.0202/New-Examples-of-Tyrannosaurus-rex-from-the-Lance-Formation-of/10.3374/014.054.0202.short
Mandible Pic:
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=x-raw-image%3A%2F%2F%2Fc317513e33323a7351d3485c45a8cdbabaf069f2cd8ee49521aa5318c7278b55&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioone.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.3374%2F014.054.0202&docid=S12hZlIxALu5sM&tbnid=czoyMz5RF8NpmM%3A&vet=1&w=1000&h=1315&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim
Pic 2:
https://zenodo.org/record/3897703#.YEuJJyVOmEc
Weight:
Snively et al., (2018):
https://peerj.com/preprints/27021.pdf
Peer-Reviewed: https://peerj.com/articles/6432/
Ilium:
Larson (1994) (pg. 142):
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010028790.pdf
Age:
Erickson et al., (2006) (Supplementary Materials) (Pg. 14):
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2006/07/11/313.5784.213.DC1/Erickson.SOM.pdf
Carr (2020) (Figure 12):

6. HMNS 2006.1743.01/BHI 6230 ("Wyrex"):
This specimen had its tail bitten in half!

Femur: 132.7 cm. (Bell et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials)

BHI 3033 ("Stan"):
Femur: 130.0 cm.
Length: 40 feet (12.2 meters).

132.7 - 130.0 = 2.7.
2.7/130.0*100 = 2.1% increase.
12.2 m + 2.1% = 12.5 meters.

"Wyrex's" Total Length: 41 feet (12.5 meters) (with tail).
Femur: 132.7 cm. (Bell et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials)

Links:
New Name:
Bell et al., (2017):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5493735/
Humerus:
Peter Larson and Kenneth Carpenter, (2008). Tyrannosaurus rex, the Tyrant King.
Theropod Database:
http://theropoddatabase.com/Tyrannosauroidea.html#Tyrannosaurusrex
Femur:
Bell et al., (2017) (Supplementary Materials):
https://figshare.com/articles/Supplementary_methods_specimen_descriptions_and_palaeoclimate_data_from_Tyrannosauroid_integument_reveals_conflicting_patterns_of_gigantism_and_feather_evolution/5074363
BHI 6231's Humerus:
Peter Larson and Kenneth Carpenter, (2008). Tyrannosaurus rex, the Tyrant King.
CM 9380's Femur:
Osborn (1906):
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1473/B022a16.pdf;jsessionid=A5E2CEC741C29C429F5CF67FEEF543BA?sequence=1

7. "Hank":
Femur: 133.4 cm (52.5 inches).
Humerus: 35.6 cm.

"Wyrex":
Femur: 132.7 cm.
Body: 12.5 meters.

133.4 - 132.7 = 0.7.
0.7/132.7*100 = 0.5% increase.
12.5 m + 0.5% = 12.6 meters.

"Hank's" Total Length: 41 feet (12.6 meters).
Femur: 133.4 cm.
Humerus: 35.6 cm.

Link:
"Hank":
Femur:
http://www.prehistoricstore.com/item.php?item=716
http://www.angelfire.com/mi/dinosaurs/dinosaurs_trex.html#.XUs1graZP-Y
Humerus:
http://www.baystatereplicas2.com/product/tyrannosaurus-rex-humerus-720/
"Sue's" Femur:
Brochu (2003) (pg. 112, right femur, "A"):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249022959_Osteology_of_Tyrannosaurus_rex_Insights_from_a_Nearly_Complete_Skeleton_and_High-Resolution_Computed_Tomographic_Analysis_of_the_Skull
Encyclopedia.com (2001):
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tyrannosaurus-rex-named-sue
Black Hills Institute:
https://www.bhigr.com/pages/info/info_sue_2.htm
Worldwide Museum of Natural History:
http://www.wmnh.com/wmsue.htm
http://www.wmnh.com
"Tyrannosaurus Sue":
https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/servlet/DCARead?standardNo=0716740176&standardNoType=1&excerpt=true
Mazzetta et al., (2004) ("Abstract;" Pages 9-10, 12):
http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/tmp/papers/Mazzetta-et-al_04_SA-dino-body-size.pdf

8. CM 9380/AMNH 973 (Holotype):
Femur: 130 cm. (Osborn, 1906) (Larson, 1994) (Paul, 1998, pg. 261)

"Stan" has the same femur length, so it looks like the holotype was 12.2 meters long.

Update (8/3/19): I was able to find a measurement of CM's femur in Weishampel et al., (2004):
Femur (Straight Side/Total Length): 136 cm. (Measured in Weishampel et al., 2004, pg. 126, "A," Cranial View) (Measured on 9/4/19 and 9/6/19)

Note: That is CM 9380's/AMNH 973's femur in Osborn (1917).

CM 9380's Femur (Osborn, 1917):
"Hank":
Femur: 133.4 cm.
Body: 12.6 meters.

136 - 133.4 = 2.6.
2.6/133.4*100 = 2% increase.
12.6 m + 2% = 42 feet (12.9 meters).

Maxilla from Hendrickx and Mateus (2014) (Figure 2) (Scale bar is 5 cm):
Length: 78.5 cm (also got it for B) (Measured on 3/18/21).

"Tristian Otto":
Maxilla: 77 cm.
Body: 12.4 meters.

77 - 78.5 = 1.5.
1.5/77*100 = 2% increase.
12.4 m + 2% =  42 feet (12.7 meters).

It looks like the holotype was 42 feet long wither way. I had no idea that this specimen was THAT big. I'll go with the femur length.

CM 9380's Total Length: 42 feet (12.9 meters).

CM 9380's Stats:
Femur: 136 cm.
Maxilla: 78.5 cm.
Age: 22-26. (Erickson et al., 2006, pg. 14) (Carr, 2020, Figure 12, Number 25)

Link:
Date of Discovery:
Osborn (1905):
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1464//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B021a14.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Femur:
Weishampel et al., (2004) (pg. 126):
https://books.google.com/books?id=h4WRTHfTzXsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=neovenator+miwg+4199&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivy66r7ILjAhVpmuAKHVHOBKIQ6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=tyrannosaurus&f=false
Date of Publication:
https://www.amazon.com/Dinosauria-David-B-Weishampel-ebook-dp-B0097G52TM/dp/B0097G52TM/ref=mt_kindle?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid=

9. CM 79057 ("Samson"/"Z-Rex"):
This specimen was used to help create the bull T.rex in The Lost World Jurassic Park (Todd Ackerman, 1997). Despite its name, "Samson" was a female.

Larson and Carpenter (2008) and the Theropod Database give a femur length of 1.295 meters for "Samson's" femur, but the Theropod Database stated that Glut (2002) gave a femur length of 1.36 meters. This means that "Samson's' original femur length is 136 cm. I couldn't find a picture of the femur to measure myself, so I'll go with the original length.

Glut (2002) from the Theropod Database:
Picture 2:
Femur: 1.36 meters. (Glut, 2002; stated on the Theropod Database website)

Theropod Database also gave "Samson" a length of 12.6 meters and "Sue" 12.8 meters.

"Hank":
Femur: 133.4 cm.
Body: 12.6 meters.

136 - 133.4 = 2.6.
2.6/133.4*100 = 2% increase.
12.6 m + 2% = 12.9 meters.

It looks like "Samson" actually was one foot shorter than "Sue" after all.

"Samson's"/"Z-Rex's" Total Length: 42 feet (12.9 meters).
Femur: 1.36 meters. (Glut, 2002; stated on the Theropod Database website)

Links:
Todd Ackerman (1997):
https://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/19970610/News/306109962
Femur:
Glut (2002):
https://www.amazon.com/Dinosaurs-Encyclopedia-Supplement-Donald-Glut/dp/078641166X
Theropod Database:
http://theropoddatabase.com/Tyrannosauroidea.html#Tyrannosaurusrex
Larson, Peter and Carpenter, Kenneth. Tyrannosaurus rex, the Tyrant King. 2008. Pg. 122.
https://books.google.com/books?id=5WH9RnfKco4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=larson+and+carpenter+2008+tyrannosaurus&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEkrKx4YDfAhUk_4MKHazaCwUQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=samson&f=false
Specimen Name:
http://tyrannosauroideacentral.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-can-we-rescue-dinosaurs-from.html

10. LACM 23844:
Left Dentary (Slightly incomplete) (Molnar, 1991, Plate 12) (Scale bar is 10 cm):
2 (Lateral View):
Length:
-97 cm.
-99.5 cm (at best) (Remeasured on 3/21/21).
Dentary Tooth Row: 57 cm (at maximum).
*1 (Medial View):
Length: 101 cm (at best).
Dentary Tooth Row: 58 cm (at best).

Dentary seems to be incomplete on the "posteroventral angle" (pp. 154-155). The tooth row seems to support this on the medial side.

Dentary Length (Lateral View):
AMNH 5027:
Dentary: 94 cm.
Body: 12.6 meters.

99.5 - 94 = 5.5.
5.5/94*100 = 5.9% increase.
12.6 m + 5.9% = 44 feet (13.3 meters).

"Stan":
Dentary: 91 cm.
Body: 12.2 meters.

99.5 - 91 = 8.5.
8.5/91*100 = 9.3% increase.
12.2 m + 9.3% = 44 feet (13.3 meters).

Dentary Length (Medial):
Based on "Sue": 13.6 meters.

Dentary Tooth Row (Lateral View):
"Scotty":
Dentary Tooth Row: 57.3 cm.
Body: 14.1 m.

57 - 57.3 = 0.3.
0.3/57.3*100. = 0.5% decrease.
14.1 m - 0.5% = 46 feet (14.0 meters).

Dentary Tooth Row (Medial):
Based on MOR 980: 47 feet (14.3 meters).

Notes: 
-Gignac and Erickson (2017) gave LACM the largest skull length (136.5 cm) compared to "Sue" (127.5 cm) (Table 1).

-Carr (2020) gave LACM the same skull length (premaxilla-quadrate) as "Sue" and MOR 008 (140 cm) (Materials and Methods: Size, para. 1; Table 15).

LACM 23844's Total Length: 47 feet (14.3 meters).
Dentary (Incomplete): 101 cm (medial).
Dentary Tooth Row: 58 cm (medial).


11. FMNH 2081/BHI 2033 ("Sue"):
The largest, most complete specimen of T. rex. However, just how large is she (If it's really a "she")?

Right Femur (Measured on 9/4-8/19):
Straight Side: 137.0 cm. (Surprisingly, the 137-cm length was stated in "A Tyrannosaurus Rex Named Sue," 2001)
Short side with femoral head: 135 cm.
Total Length (From femoral head to tip of longest side): 143 cm (at best). (Measured on 9/8/19 and 10/23/19)

Originally, her femur was listed as 138.0 cm (Larson, 1994, pg. 142) (Mazzetta et al., 2004). However, her femur was just stated as being 54 cm most of the time (BHIGR) (WMNH). 137.0 cm is 54 cm, and I measured it myself, so I'll go with my size estimate.

"Sue's" Right Femur (Brochu, 2003, pg. 112, "A," Posterior View). (Scale bar is 30 cm):
Now, let's see how large "Sue" is:

CM 9380 and "Samson/Z-Rex":
Femurs: 136 cm.
Bodies: 12.9 meters.

137 - 136 = 1.
1/136*100 = 0.7% increase.
12.9 m + 0.7% = 13.0 meters.

Update (9/8/19): Let's see how big she is with her total femur length:

136 - 143 = 7.
7/136*100 = 5.2% increase.
12.9 m + 5.2% = 45 feet (13.6 meters).

This sounds crazy, but "Sue' has been given 45 feet before (links down below).

Note (5/16/20): I decided to compare "Sue's" humerus to "Hank's," and see what I'd get.

"Hank":
Humerus: 35.6 cm.
Length: 12.6 meters.

"Sue":
Humerus: 39 cm. (Measured in Brochu, 2003, pg. 97, right humerus, "A," Dorsal). (This length was also stated in Larson, 1994 and Larson and Carpenter, 2008)

39 - 35.6 = 3.4.
3.4/35.6*100 = 9.6% increase.
12.6 m + 9.6% = 45 feet (13.8 meters).

So either way, "Sue" is 45 feet long, but I'll go with the femur length.

My Skull Size Estimate:
LACM 23844:
Dentary: 97 cm.
Skull: 156.8 cm.
Body: 13.0 meters.

97 - 101 = 4.
4/97*100 = 4.1% increase.
156.8 cm + 4.1% = 163.2 cm.

FMNH 2081/BHI 2033's Total Length: 45 feet (13.6 meters).
Femur: 143 cm.
Weight: 9.3 tons. (Persons IV et al., 2019)

"Sue's" Stats:
Right Dentary: 101.0 cm. (Measured in Brochu, 2003, pg. 41, "C") (I got it twice on 8/20/19 and 8/21/19)
Right Dentary Tooth Row: 56 cm. (Measured in Brochu, 2003, pg. 41, right dentary, D medial and C lateral)
Right Mandible (Jaw): 140.0 cm. (Measured in Brochu, 2003, pg. 41, right jaw, "C") (8/20/19)
Right Maxilla: 86 cm. (Measured on 9/4/19 in Brochu, 2003, pg. 8, "A," Lateral View):
Right Femur (Measured on 9/4-8/19 in Brochu, 2003, pg. 112, "A," Posterior):
Straight Side: 137 cm. (4th time) (Also stated in "A Tyrannosaurus Rex Named Sue," 2001)
Short side with femoral head: 135 cm.
Total Length (From femoral head to tip of longest side): 143 cm (at best). (Measured on 9/8/19 and 10/23/19)
Right Femur Width: 20 cm. (Measured in Brochu, 2003, pg. 112, "A")
Left Femur (Measured on 9/4/19 in Brochu, 2003, pg. 112, "E," Posterior):
Straight Side/Total Length: 132 cm.
Skull:
-Right Side: 153 cm. (Measured on 9/4/19 in Brochu, 2003, pg. 12, "A") (Same as Larson, 1994) (Left size of skull is crushed [Brochu, 2003, pg. 6]).
-Based on dentary compared to LACM 23844: 163.2 meters.
Left Squamosal: 44 cm. (Measured in Brochu, 2003, pg. 28, "B," Lateral)
Humerus:
Length: 39.0 cm.
Width (Large End): 14 cm wide.
(Both were measured in Brochu, 2003, pg. 97, right humerus, "A," Dorsal) (Also in Larson, 1994 and Larson and Carpenter, 2008)
Pedal Phalanx IV-2: 14.0 cm. (Measured in Brochu, 2003, pg. 123)
Pedal Phalanx II-2: 16.0 cm. (Measured in Brochu, 2003, pg. 123)
Pedal Phalanx III-2: 16 cm. (Measured in Brochu, 2003, pg. 123)
Right Pedal Phalanx IV-1: 16.0 cm. (Measured in Brochu, 2003, pg. 123)
Right Tibia: 124 cm. (Measured on 9/24/19 in Brochu, 2003, pg. 114, "A," Medial)
Right Fibula: 110 cm. (Measured twice on 9/24/19 in Brochu, 2003, pg. 116, "C," Lateral)
Ilium (Right): 165 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/20/22 in Brochu, 2003, p. 105 Figure 90).
Weight: 9.3 tons (8,460 kg) (Persons IV et al., 2019)

Links:
Femur:
Brochu (2003) (pg. 112, right femur, "A"):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249022959_Osteology_of_Tyrannosaurus_rex_Insights_from_a_Nearly_Complete_Skeleton_and_High-Resolution_Computed_Tomographic_Analysis_of_the_Skull
"A Tyrannosaurus Rex Named Sue." Encyclopedia.com (2001):
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tyrannosaurus-rex-named-sue
Larson (1994) (Page 139-142):
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010028790.pdf
Black Hills Institute:
https://www.bhigr.com/pages/info/info_sue_2.htm
Worldwide Museum of Natural History:
http://www.wmnh.com/wmsue.htm
http://www.wmnh.com
"Tyrannosaurus Sue":
https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/servlet/DCARead?standardNo=0716740176&standardNoType=1&excerpt=true
Mazzetta et al., (2004) ("Abstract;" Pages 9-10, 12):
http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/tmp/papers/Mazzetta-et-al_04_SA-dino-body-size.pdf
Humerus:
Brochu (2003) (Pg. 97, right humerus, "A," Dorsal):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249022959_Osteology_of_Tyrannosaurus_rex_Insights_from_a_Nearly_Complete_Skeleton_and_High-Resolution_Computed_Tomographic_Analysis_of_the_Skull
Larson (1994) (Page 142):
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010028790.pdf
Larson and Carpenter (2008) (Pg. 123, Figure 8.15):
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Tyrannosaurus_Rex_the_Tyrant_King/5WH9RnfKco4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=sue%20humerus
Skull:
Brochu (2003) (pg. 12, right side):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249022959_Osteology_of_Tyrannosaurus_rex_Insights_from_a_Nearly_Complete_Skeleton_and_High-Resolution_Computed_Tomographic_Analysis_of_the_Skull
Wolff et al., (2009):
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Tyrannosaurus-rex-FMNH-PR2081-Left-mandibular-ramus-exhibiting-multiple_fig5_26856421
Larson (1994) (Page 142):
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010028790.pdf
Lu et al., (2014) (Supplementary Materials):
https://media.nature.com/original/nature-assets/ncomms/2014/140507/ncomms4788/extref/ncomms4788-s1.pdf
Tibia:
Larson (1994) (Page 142):
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010028790.pdf
Mazzetta et al., (2004) ("Abstract;" Pages 9-10, 12):
http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/tmp/papers/Mazzetta-et-al_04_SA-dino-body-size.pdf
Humerus:
Larson (1994) (Page 142):
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010028790.pdf
Larson, Peter and Carpenter, Kenneth. Tyrannosaurus rex, the Tyrant King. 2008.
Pedal Phalanx:
Brochu (2003) (pg. 123) (The first set on the right, 2nd bone):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249022959_Osteology_of_Tyrannosaurus_rex_Insights_from_a_Nearly_Complete_Skeleton_and_High-Resolution_Computed_Tomographic_Analysis_of_the_Skull
Other Bone Measurements:
Brochu (2003):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249022959_Osteology_of_Tyrannosaurus_rex_Insights_from_a_Nearly_Complete_Skeleton_and_High-Resolution_Computed_Tomographic_Analysis_of_the_Skull
Weight:
Persons IV et al., (2019):
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ar.24118
45 feet:
Enchanted Learning (1999):
https://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/news/Trexolf.shtml
The Lantern (2001):
https://www.thelantern.com/2001/02/blast-from-the-far-past-cosi-to-host-dino-sue/
Kitsap Sun (2001):
https://products.kitsapsun.com/archive/2001/09-02/0007_kansas_museum_lands_dinosaur_foss.html
The Catholic Key (2001):
http://www.catholickey.com/index.php3?gif=news.gif&mode=view&issue=20010909&article_id=1762
CBS News (2004):
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/t-rex-giant-teen-growth-spurt/
Education World (2005):
https://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/edit/edit0514.shtml
Rapid City Journal (2008):
https://rapidcityjournal.com/news/local/top-stories/famous-fossil-finds-way-back-to-faith/article_fde81c6c-2ebd-5865-a532-25f25eeb98f9.html
Science Daily (2009)(?):
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090204112217.htm
Natural History Magazine (2009)(?):
https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/partner/when-ititanoboai-ruled-the-amazon
Travel Channel (No date):
https://www.travelchannel.com/interests/arts-and-culture/articles/the-secrets-of-sue-the-trex
Wynne Parry (2012):
12. RGM 792.000 ("Trix"):
I've noticed that "Trix" has been given the same measurements that "Sue" has:

"Sue":
Body Length: 12.5/13.0 ("Larson, 1994") (Ibrahim et al., 2014) to 13.0 meters (Brusatte et al., 2010) (Gignac and Erickson, 2017) (Reuters, 2017)
Skull: 1.50 meters. ("A Tyrannosaurus Rex Named Sue," 2001) (Field Museum, 2008)

"Trix":
Body Length: 12.5/13.0 (Business Wire, 2016) to 13.0 meters (Daily Mail, 2016).
Skull: 1.50 (Reims et al., 2016) to 2.0 meters. (TCT Magazine, 2017)

I think "Trix's" skull is the same length as 'Sue's," making her real body length 42 feet (12.8/13.0 meters) instead of 12.5 meters. Therefore, "Trix" and "Sue" were the same size.

Update (8/23/19): I've FINALLY found some of "Trix's" bones to measure!

Skull: 152.4 cm (60 inches) (Not including the partial dentary). (Measured on 8/25/19)
Trix's Tibia:
Length: 119.5 cm. (Measured on 5/10/20).

"Sue":
Maxilla: 86 cm.
Skull: 163.2 cm.
Tibia: 124 cm.
Body: 13.6 meters.

Tibia:
119.5 - 124 = 4.5.
4.5/124*100 = 3.6% decrease.
13.6 m - 3.6% = 43 feet (13.1 meters).

Skull:
83.8 - 86 = 2.2.
2.2/86*100 = 2.6% decrease.
163.2 cm - 2.6% = 159 cm.

"Trix's" Total Length: 43 feet (13.1 meters).
Tibia: 119.5 cm.
Skull (Complete): 159 cm.
Maxilla: 83 cm.

Links:
"Trix:"
Skull:
Picture/Website:
https://science.naturalis.nl/en/about-us/news/museum/and-name-our-t-rex/
Reims et al., (2016):
https://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/fr2c4.pdf
TCT Magazine (2017):
https://www.tctmagazine.com/metrology-3d-scanning-imagine-inspection-news/tyrannosaurus-rex-skeleton-artec-3d-scanning-ultimaker/
Body:
2016:
http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160823006345/en/T.-rex-travelling-Netherlands
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3844434/Meet-Trix-one-world-s-complete-female-T-Rex-skeletons-Fossil-goes-display-flying-Atlantic.html
2017:
https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=nl&u=https://natuurwijzer.naturalis.nl/leerobjecten/het-leven-van-t-rex-trix&prev=search
https://ibecomingdutch.wordpress.com/2017/03/10/t-rex-in-leiden/
2018:
https://phys.org/news/2018-06-rex-snarls-visitors-paris-botanical.html
https://www.mnhn.fr/en/visit/agenda/exposition/t-rex-paris
"Sue":
Body:
Larson (1994) (pg. 139):
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010028790.pdf
Ibrahim et al., (2014):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265553416_Semiaquatic_adaptations_in_a_giant_predatory_dinosaur
Brusatte et al., (2010)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46288434_Tyrannosaur_Paleobiology_New_Research_on_Ancient_Exemplar_Organisms
Gignac and Erickson (2017):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435714/
Reuters (2017):
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-dinosaur-idUSKCN18D0WX
Skull:
"A Tyrannosaurus Rex Named Sue." Encyclopedia.com (2001):
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tyrannosaurus-rex-named-sue
Field Museum (2008):
https://www.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/A%20T.%20rex%20Named%20Sue%20Exhibition%20Brief%202014.pdf

13. MOR 980 ("Peck's Rex," "Rigby Rex," "T.rex imperator"):
I had a hard time trying to come up with an accurate size for this specimen. It always seemed to be neck-and-neck with "Sue." When "Sue" was given 12.5/13.0 meters in length (Larson, 1994, pg. 142), MOR 980 was 12.4 meters long (DinoCasts.com). Then it was given 12.8/13.0 meters, along with "Sue" (Theropod Database). Then it was given 12.3 meters, alongside "Sue" (Deak and McKenzie, 2016) (Siebel Dinosaur Complex). Then paleontologist Peter Makovicky stated that both it, "Sue," and "Scotty" had the same femur widths (Chicago Tribune, 2019).

I tried to find a bone to measure MOR 980 against other T.rex specimens, but it was not easy. Here's what I got:

Humerus: 36.2 cm. (Larson and Carpenter, 2008)

Dentary:
*Dentary Tooth Row: 58.0 cm (lateral view).
Note: "Sue's" is 56 cm (my measurement from Brochu, 2003, pg. 41, right dentary, D medial and C lateral).

"Sue":
Dentary Tooth Row: 56 cm (medial and lateral).
Body: 13.6 m.

58 - 56 = 2.
2/56*100 = 3.6% increase.
13.6 m + 3.6% = 46 feet (14.1 meters).

"Scotty":
Dentary Tooth Row (my measurement): 57.3 cm (medial).
Body: 14.1 meters.

Based on "Sue," tooth row length is usually the same in both lateral and medial views.

57.3 - 58 = 0.7.
0.7/57.3*100 = 1.2% increase.
14.1 m + 1.2% = 47 feet (14.3 meters).

*Pubes:
CM 9380: 1.25 meters. (Osborn, 1905) (Theropod Database)

132.0 - 125.0 = 7% increase.
12.2 m + 7% = 13.1 meters for MOR 980.

The only accurate bone that I can measure for this specimen are its pubes. Therefore, I'll go with that length.

Extra Notes:
Gignac and Erickson (2017) gave MOR 980 a longer skull length (128.2 cm) than "Sue" (127.5 cm).

Update (8/26/19): I was able to come up with two measurements for MOR 980's humerus and incomplete dentary that I showed above:

Humerus (Cast In Black):
Length: 36.4 cm. (RMDRC paleo lab) (8/26/19)
Width: 11.5 cm. (RMDRC paleo lab) (8/26/19)

Dentary:
Incomplete Length: 85 cm.
My Estimated Complete Dentary Length: 98.5 cm. (I had to draw what I thought the missing portion of the dentary looked like)

Update (9/2/19): 
MOR 980:
Humerus: 36.4 cm.
*(?)Dentary: 98.5 cm. (My estimated total length)
(?)Body: 42 feet:
12.9 m (Compared to "Hank's" humerus)
*12.7 m (Compared to "Sue's" dentary)

Update 9/7/19: So after I got the 12.9-meter estimate for CM 9380, I remembered this picture I found of CM 9380's and MOR 980's skeletons:

MOR 980 (Left) and CM 9380 (Right):
Judging from this picture, MOR 980 would have to be the same size as "Sue" AT LEAST! Judging by this picture, it would have to have been a foot taller (and longer?) than CM 9380. Also, Gignac and Erickson (2017) gave MOR 980 a longer skull length (128.5 cm) than "Sue" (127.5). This would make MOR 980 0.8% longer than "Sue."

Also, Paleontologist Peter Makovicky said that MOR 980 has about the same femur width as "Sue" as well (Johnson, 2019). This means that MOR 980 would have weighed about the same as "Sue."

However, I want to have some kind of bone to measure. I don't really trust the "complete dentary length" that I gave earlier, so I'm going back to a nagging pain that's been stuck in my head for a long time now: the pubic bone length.

Pubis length:
1. 52 inches (132 cm) ("At least"). (Science Daily, 1997) (Los Angeles Times, 1997) (Theropod Database)
2. 52.4 inches (133 cm). (Mike Taylor, 2003) (Barnes-Svarney and Svarney, 1999/2010, p. 134) (Ebrary.net, 2014).

Since there are more (and recent) sources claiming the 133-cm length, I'll go with that length.

"Sue":
Pubis: 132 cm. (Measured on 9/7/19 in Brochu, 2003, pg. 106) (I got it three times)
Body: 13.6 meters.

133 - 132 = 1.
1/132*100 = 0.8% increase.
13.6 m + 0.8% = 45 feet (13.7 meters).

Welp, just like the skull length provided by Gignac and Erickson (2017), MOR 980 seems to have been 0.8% longer than "Sue..."

I've been trying my HARDEST to get a size estimate for this specimen, and I always come back to using its pubic bone length. I have to honestly come to the conclusion that perhaps MOR 980 was slightly longer than "Sue..."

One of the (perhaps) largest Mapusaurus specimen had a pubic bone shaft about 10% larger than the Giganotosaurus holotype specimen MUCPv-Ch 1's (Coria and Currie, 2006, pg. 101). That would make that Mapusaurus specimen 43 feet long (13.2 meters). Therefore, if that Mapusaurus specimen is considered to be that big based on its pubic bone shaft alone, then why not MOR 980?

I've been trying to slim down MOR 980, but then I remembered something: "Scotty" was once considered to have been smaller than "Sue," but now we know that she was bigger. Therefore, perhaps it's time to consider that maybe MOR 980 was also slightly longer than "Sue." However, "Sue" is clearly heavier than MOR 980.

Update (3/19/21): The dentary tooth row length might make MOR 980 even bigger, but I'll stick to the pubic length for now.

MOR 980's Total Length: 45-47 feet (13.7-14.3 meters).
Pubis Length: 133 cm.
Dentary Tooth Row: 58 cm.

MOR 980's States:
Length: 45-47 feet (13.7-14.3 meters).
Pubis: 133 cm.
Dentary Tooth Row: 58 cm.
Age: 21-25. (Erickson et al., 2006, pg. 13) (Carr, 2020, Figure 12, Number 22)

Links:
Gignac and Erickson (2017):
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-02161-w/tables/1
Johnson (2019):
https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-ent-largest-t-rex-scotty-sue-0329-story.html
Pubic Bone:
Mike Taylor (2003):
http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-size/predator/index.html
Barnes-Svarney and Svarney (2010) (pg. 134):
https://books.google.com/books?id=w7gYJZ6qQRcC&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=t.rex+pubic+bone+52.4+inches&source=bl&ots=oFqY-il5CK&sig=ACfU3U1z91QrrCIzmr1NLVxvyc9XAtFoIQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN0tnei8DkAhXtzVkKHddOCRYQ6AEwEnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=t.rex%20pubic%20bone%2052.4%20inches&f=false
Ebrary.net (2014):
https://ebrary.net/3948/history/dinosaur_sie
Science Daily (1997):
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1997/09/970917060320.htm
Los Angeles Times (1997):
https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-21-mn-34603-story.html
Theropod Database:
http://theropoddatabase.com/Tyrannosauroidea.html#Tyrannosaurusrex
Dentary:
Website: http://vertpaleo.org/2018-Annual-Meeting/Auction.aspx
Pic: https://goo.gl/images/UH8h7z
Osborn (1905):
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1464//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B021a14.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
MOR 980 at 12.4 meters long:
DinoCasts.com:
http://www.dinocasts.com/prod_productDetails.asp?ProductId=204
Link 2:
http://dinolou.com/pecksrex2004.html
"Sue" as 12.5/13.0 meters long:
Larson (1994) (Page 142):
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010028790.pdf
Both "Sue" and MOR 980 at 12.8/13.0 meters:
Theropod Database:
http://theropoddatabase.com/Tyrannosauroidea.html#Tyrannosaurusrex
Both "Sue" and MOR 980 at 12.3 meters:
Deak and McKenzie (2016):
https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:WZCU9eseMoUJ:https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2016AM/webprogram/Handout/Paper279687/Hypothetical%2520Divergent%2520Evolution%2520of%2520Two%2520Apex%2520Predators%2520of%2520%25281%2529.pptx+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari
Siebel Dinosaur Complex:
https://www.museumoftherockies.org/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/siebel-dinosaur-complex
Humerus:
http://rmdrc.blogspot.com/2010/02/daspletosaurus-vs-t-rex.html

14. RSM 2523.8 ("Scotty"):
It's become kind of difficult to find an accurate size for this "Scotty," as of late. Originally, I gave her 40 feet (12.1 meters), based on her femur length, but it was kind of difficult to get an accurate length. This was due to how the photo of the femur was taken. Then I used her dentary (from Thomas Carr's blog), and I got 12.8/13.0 meters for "Scotty." Then it turns out that "Scotty" was way bigger than previously estimated.

A new paper came out examining her bones (Persons IV et al., 2019), giving more pre use estimates of her bones. Persons IV et al., (2019) gave her femur a length of 133.0-133.3 meters, compared to "Sue's" 132.1-cm femur from Brochu (2003). Unfortunately, I couldn't get an accurate estimate of the femur, so I looked at her dentary and right pedal phalanx IV-1.

"Scotty's" and "Sue's" Measurements (Persons IV et al., 2019):
"Scotty":
Right Pedal Phalanx IV-1:
18.4 cm. (Persons IV et al., 2019)
My Length: 23.5 cm (at best). (Measured on 9/24/19)
Dentary Tooth Row:
59.5 cm. (Persons IV et al., 2019)
My Length (Right Dentary): 57 cm. (Persons IV et al., 2019, right dentary, "B", medial)
Femur Width: 21.0 cm. (Persons IV et al., 2019) (The Guardian, 2019 reports a width of 20.3 cm)
Right Fibula: 120 cm. (Measured twice in Persons IV et al., 2019)

"Scotty's" Dentaries (I measured from the tip of the jaw to the 14th-marked alveoli):
"Scotty's" Right Fibula ("C") (All scale bars are 10 cm):
"Sue":
Right Pedal Phalanx IV-1: 16 cm (my measurement from Brochu, 2003).
Dentary Tooth Row:
58.5 cm. (Persons IV et al., 2019)
My Length (Right Dentary): 56 cm (Brochu, 2003, pg. 41, right dentary, "D," medial)
Femur Width: 20 cm. (Brochu, 2003, pg. 112, "A")
Fibula Length: 110.0 cm.

Update (8/23/19): "Scotty" is larger than I thought! I had some trouble trying to get a length of her femur, but I've FINALLY found a good pick of her femur that gave me an accurate length. It's longer than 138 cm...

Femur (Cast) from the Royal Saskatchewan Museum's Twitter Page:
(I measured the top picture, not the drawing)

Lengths: 
140 cm (Straight side).
142.5 cm (Other side with femoral head).
148.5 cm (Total length from femoral head to tip of longest end). (Measured on 9/8/19)

I'm going to go with the 140-cm length.

"Sue":
Femur: 137 cm.
Body: 13.0 meters.

140 - 137 = 3.
3/137*100 = 2.2% increase.
13.0 m + 2.2% = 13.3 meters.

Update (9/8/19): I've decided to go with the total femur length.

"Sue":
Femur (Total Length): 143 cm.
Fibula: 110 cm.
Body: 13.6 meters.

Femur:
148.5 - 143 = 5.5.
5.5/143*100 = 3.9% increase.
13.6 m + 3.9% = 47 feet (14.1 meters).

Fibula:
120 - 110 = 10.
10/110*100 = 9.1% increase.
13.6 m + 9.1% = 49 feet (14.8 meters).

Just to be safe, I'll go with the femur length.

RSM 2523.8's Total Length: 47 feet (14.1 meters).
Femur Length: 148.5 cm.
Right Fibula: 120 cm. 
Right Pedal Phalanx IV-1: 23.5 cm (at best) (My measurement).
Weight: 9.7 tons.

Links:
Femur Picture:
Royal Saskatchewan Museum Twitter:
Persons IV et al., (2019):
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ar.24118
Version 2:
https://www.gbif.org/species/159236947
43 feet ("13 meters"):
https://www.folio.ca/paleontologists-identify-biggest-tyrannosaurus-rex-ever-discovered/
http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/4/scotty-the-dinosaur-skeleton-which-is-a-contender-for-the-largest-t-rex-ever-568750
https://earthsky.org/earth/worlds-biggest-tyrannosaurus-rex
https://www.sciencealert.com/palaeontologists-have-discovered-the-biggest-t-rex-yet-and-it-s-been-through-a-lot
https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/worlds-largest-carnivorous-dinosaur-discovered-in-canada-/
https://www.dailysabah.com/history/2019/03/25/worlds-biggest-oldest-t-rex-skeleton-identified-in-canada
https://www.businessinsider.com/t-rex-discovered-in-canada-biggest-oldest-2019-3
https://newatlas.com/worlds-largest-tyrannosaurus-rex/58991/
http://www.sci-news.com/paleontology/scotty-tyrannosaurus-rex-07024.html
https://www.geek.com/news/paleontologists-report-worlds-biggest-tyrannosaurus-rex-1779727/
https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/world-s-largest-tyrannosaurus-rex-scotty-unveiled-in-saskatchewan-1.4428084
Weight:
https://www.folio.ca/paleontologists-identify-biggest-tyrannosaurus-rex-ever-discovered/
https://earthsky.org/earth/worlds-biggest-tyrannosaurus-rex
https://www.sciencealert.com/palaeontologists-have-discovered-the-biggest-t-rex-yet-and-it-s-been-through-a-lot
https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/worlds-largest-carnivorous-dinosaur-discovered-in-canada-/
https://www.dailysabah.com/history/2019/03/25/worlds-biggest-oldest-t-rex-skeleton-identified-in-canada
Femur Width (8 inches/20.3 cm):
The Guardian (2019):
https://www.theguardian.pe.ca/news/canada/unearthed-t-rex-is-the-largest-known-specimen-and-its-from-saskatchewan-295584/
Brochu (2003):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249022959_Osteology_of_Tyrannosaurus_rex_Insights_from_a_Nearly_Complete_Skeleton_and_High-Resolution_Computed_Tomographic_Analysis_of_the_Skull
Age:
Bharti (2019):
https://www.theguardian.pe.ca/news/canada/unearthed-t-rex-is-the-largest-known-specimen-and-its-from-saskatchewan-295584/
Female:
CBC (2018):
https://www.cbc.ca/natureofthings/features/scotty-canadas-home-grown-tyrannosaurus-rex-is-actually-a-female

15. 19-Inch Humerus (Partial):
Length: 48.3 cm (19 inches at best) (incomplete).

"Sue":
Humerus: 39 cm.
Body: 13.6 meters.

48.3 - 39 = 9.3.
9.3/39*100 = 23.9% increase.
13.6 m + 23.9% = 53 feet (16.1 meters).

19-Inch Humerus' Total Length: 56 feet (16.9 meters).

Link:
https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/fossil-dinosaur-rex-humerus-montana-478255471
Picture:
https://images.app.goo.gl/gANBmwS6CjN41pF37

16. Bonhams #1023 or Lot 1148:
Length: 24 inches (60.96 or 61 cm).
Width (Large End): 17.8 cm (7 inches).

"Hank":
Humerus: 35.6 cm.
Body: 12.6 meters.

61 - 35.6 = 25.4.
25.4/35.6*100 = 71.4% increase.
12.6 m + 71.4% = 71 feet (21.6 meters).

"Sue":
Humerus:
Length: 39.0 cm.
Width (Large End): 14 cm.
Body: 13.6 meters.
Weight: 9.3 tons.

61 - 39.0 = 22.
22/39*100 = 56.4% increase.
13.6 m + 56.4% = 70 feet (21.3 meters).

Now, according to the Bonhams website, this is a T.rex humerus. However, it's extremely long. I don't know if this is actually a T.rex humerus or a misidentified bone to another dinosaur, but Bonhams says that it belongs to a T.rex. I was also thinking that the bone was given a huge length by mistake. However, Bonhams gave an accurate length for "Stan's" skull (1.47 meters), so then the size of the humerus might not be a mistake.

I also compared it to "Jane's" humerus. "Jane" is a juvenile T.rex, so maybe the humerus belonged to a youngster. Perhaps T.rex humerus' shrunk as they matured. However, "Jane's" humerus was 28 cm long (Theropod Database), so it looks like this humerus belonged to an adult T.rex. Based on its size, this specimen would have been 70 feet long (21.3 meters), based on "Sue." This might be the largest specimen of T.rex ever! What's even better is that this is a humerus, not a toe bone. This size estimate is more plausible than measuring a toe bone.

We can even measure this specimen agains a "12.3-meter" "Sue":
61 - 39.0 = 22.
22/39*100 = 56.4% increase.
13.3 m + 56.4% = 63 feet (19.2 meters).

Either way, this specimen was GINORMOUS!

Bonhams #1023's Total Length: 70 feet (21.3 meters).

Links:
https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/17502/lot/1148/
Page 18:
https://images2.bonhams.com/original?src=Images/live/2013-10/23/S-21076-0-1.pdf
Bonhams' Measurement of "Stan's" Skull:
https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/19429/lot/1081/
BHI's Measurement of "Stan's" Skull:
http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=49&cat=2&page=1
http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=48&cat=2&page=1

There are a BUNCH of other T.rex specimens that I have found, but I've made a separate post for them:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2019/08/size-calculations-for-tyrannosaurus-rex.html

Tyrannosaurus rex's Total Length: 40-70 feet (12.2-21.3 meters).

Giganotosaurus:
1. MUCPv-Ch 1 (Holotype):
Update (3/15/19): I got 128.0 cm for its femur (with femur head). (Measured in Calvo, 1999, pg. 29) (Scale bar is 10 cm):
Update (9/7/19): Length (Not with femur head): 125 cm. (Measured in Calvo, 1999, pg. 29)

Update (7/11/20): Femur is in Cuesta et al., (2018) (Figure 19, "D," Posterior view) (Scale bar is 10 cm):
Length: 132.5 cm (at best).

Note: Benson et al., (2014) gave 132 cm for the femur and 99 cm for the tibia.

MUCPv-Ch 1's Dentary (Novas et al., 2013, "C"):
Length: 56 cm. (My measurement from Novas et al., 2013, "C")

 Update (9/5/19): For now, I'll measure MUCPv-CH 1's femur against T.rex specimen "Stan's":

"Stan":
Femur: 130 cm.
Skull: 147 cm.
Body: 12.2 meters.

Body:
130 - 132.5 = 2.5.
2.5/130*100 = 1.9% increase.
12.2 m + 1.9% = 12.4 meters. (Coria and Currie, 2002, gave 12.0 meters for MUCPv-Ch 1, but Coria and Salgado (1995) gave a length of 12.5 meters.)

Skull:
147 + 1.9% = 149.8 cm.

MUCPv-CH 1's Total Length: 41 feet (12.4 meters).
Skull: 149.8 cm. (My estimation)
Dentary: 56 cm. (Measured in Novas et al., 2013)
Femur: 132.5 cm. (Measured on 7/11/20 in Cuesta et al., 2018)
Pubes: 111.0 cm. (Theropod Database)

Links:
Dentary:
Novas et al., (2013):
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Selected-skull-elements-of-Giganotosaurus-carolinii-MMCH-Pv-1-holotype-A-Left_fig6_259045022
Femur:
Cuesta et al., (2018) (Figure 19):
https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/ZbyGKEjskApcGBWkrYkn/full
Calvo (1999) (pg. 29):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284053211_Dinosaurs_and_other_vertebrates_of_the_Lake_Ezequiel_Ramos_Mexia_Area_Neuquen-Patagonia_Argentina
Benson et al., (2014):
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853
Supplementary Data:
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?type=supplementary&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853.s011
12.0 Meters:
Coria and Currie (2002):
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524279?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Link 2:
https://eurekamag.com/pdf/011/011480416.pdf
Pubes:
Theropod Database:
Original Paper:
Coria and Salgado (1995):
https://vdocuments.mx/a-new-giant-carnivorous-dinosaur-from-the-cretaceous-of-patagonia.html

2. MUCPv-95:
Dentary (Calvo and Coria, 1998):
I got 56 cm for it. This would make it the same size as MUCPv-CH 1.

 Edit (3/6/19): MUCPv-95's Dentary (Brusatte et al., 2012, "C"):
Length: 59 cm. (I got it twice at best)

MUCPv-Ch 1:
Dentary: 56 cm.
Body: 12.4 meters.

Body:
59 - 56 = 3.
3/56*100 = 5.4% increase.
12.4 m + 5.4% = 13.1 meters.

Skull:
149.8 + 5.4% = 157.9 cm.

MUCPv-95's Total Length: 43 feet (13.1 meters).
Dentary: 59 cm.
Skull: 157.9 cm. (My estimation).

Links:
Length:
Brusatte et al., (2012):
https://bioone.org/journals/Acta-Palaeontologica-Polonica/volume-57/issue-1/app.2010.0125/A-Reassessment-of-iKelmayisaurus-petrolicus-i-a-Large-Theropod-Dinosaur/10.4202/app.2010.0125.full
2nd Link:
https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app57/app20100125.pdf
3rd Link:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260714702_A_Reassessment_of_Kelmayisaurus_petrolicus_a_Large_Theropod_Dinosaur_from_the_Early_Cretaceous_of_China
Calvo and Coria (1998):
http://www.arca.museus.ul.pt/ArcaSite/obj/gaia/MNHNL-0000776-MG-DOC-web.PDF

Giganotosaurus' Total Length: 41-43 feet Feet (12.4-13.1 meters).

Acrocanthosaurus:
1. NCSM 14345:
Femur: 127.7 cm. (Currie and Carpenter, 1999)

T. rex Specimen "Stan":
Femur: 130 cm.
Skull: 147 cm.
Body: 12.2 m.

Body:
130 - 127.7 = 2.3.
2.3/130*100 = 1.8% decrease.
12.2 m - 1.8% = 39 feet (12.0 meters).

BHIGR gave 11.9-12.0 meters as well.

Skull:
147 cm - 1.8% = 144.4 cm.

BHIGR gave 144 cm for the skull.

NCSM 14345's Total Length: 39 feet (12.0 meters).
Skull: 1.444 meters.

Acrocanthosaurus NCSM 14345 (Eddy and Clarke, 2011, Figure 2 Drawing):
Maxilla: 84 cm (at best) (Measured on 3/27/21).
Tooth row up to 8th tooth: 41.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 3/27/21) 
Dentary: 85.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 3/27/21).

Links:
BHIGR:
Body Length:
11.9 meters:
12.0 meters:
Skull is 144 cm:
 NCSM 14345's Skeletal Pic:

2. OMNH 10143 (Holotype):
Femur: 115.3 cm. (Currie and Carpenter, 1999)

Siats Holotype FMNH PR 2716:
Femur: 116.6 cm.
Body: 10.8 meters.

115.3 - 116.6 = 1.3.
1.3/116.6*100 = 1.2% decrease.
10.8 m - 1.2% = 35 feet (10.7 meters).

OMNH 10143's Total Length: 35 feet (10.7 meters).

Link:

4. SMU 74646:
Femur: 109 cm. (Currie and Carpenter, 1999)

Saurophaganax Specimen OMNH 0112:
Femur: 113.5 cm. 
Body: 10.6 meters.

113.5 - 109 = 4.5.
4.5/113.5*100 = 4% decrease.
10.6 m - 4% = 34 feet (10.2 meters).

SMU 74646's Total Length: 34 feet (10.2 meters).

Link:

Acrocanthosaurus' Total Length: 34-39 feet (10.2-12.0 meters).

Carcharodontosaurus:
1. UCRC PV12 (Originally SGN Din-1) (Neotype):
SGM-Din 1's skull is 1.60 meters (Sereno et al., 1996).

Giganotosaurus holotype MUCPv-Ch 1's skull was also given 1.60 meters (Coria and Currie, 2002). Therefore, they're the same size. I gave MUCPv-Ch 1 a length of 12.0 meters, so I'll give it to SGN-Din 1 as well.

SGM-Din 1's Total Size: 39 feet (12.0 meters).
Skull Size: 144.8 cm. (Based on MUCPv-Ch 1)
Maxilla: 47.0 cm. (Brusatte, 2007, pg. 905)

Mickey Mortimer from the Theropod Database gave a length of 1.42 meters for SGM-Din 1's skull, so my estimate for its skull is not entirely off.
Note: Eddy and Clarke (2011) also show that NCSM and Carcharodontosaurus specimen SGN-Din 1 basically had the same maxilla length (47.0 cm, given by Brusatte and Sereno, 2007).

Acrocanthosaurus specimen NCSM's Maxilla ("B") and Carcharodontosaurus specimen SGN-Din 1 ("C") (Eddy and Clarke, 2011, Figure 35):
Update (1/14/20): I wanted to have more evidence to calculate an exact length for this specimen, and I think I was able to find it:

Acrocanthosaurus NCSM 14345's Maxilla:
Beginning of Maxilla up to Beginning of AOF (Antorbital Fossa):
-*34 cm. (Measured on 1/14/20 in Canale et al., 2014, Figure 3, Lateral View) (Right maxilla?)
-33 cm. (Measured on 1/14/20 in Currie and Carpenter, 1999, pg. 211, Figure 3, Left Lateral View)
-32 cm. (Measured on 1/14/20 in Eddy and Clarke, 2011, Medial View)

Carcharodontosaurus saharicus SGM-Din 1's Maxilla:
Beginning of Maxilla up to Beginning of ANTFO (Antorbital Fossa):
-46 cm. (Measured on 1/14/20 in Brusatte, 2007, pg. 903, Figure 2, Lateral View)
-44 cm (at best). (Measured on 1/14/20 in Paleofile)
-38 cm. (Measured on 1/14/20 in Eddy and Clarke, 2011, "C," "Medial View)

I'm going with the measurement from Canale et al., (2014) for Acrocanthosaurus, and Brusatte (2007) for Carcharodontosaurus.

Acrocanthosaurus Specimen NCSM 14345:
Beginning of Maxilla up to Beginning of Antorbital Fossa (Lateral View): 34 cm. (Canale et al., 2014, Figure 3, Lateral View; Right maxilla?)
Length: 12.0 meters.

SGN-Din 1:
Beginning of Maxilla up to Beginning of Antorbital Fossa (Lateral View): 46 cm. (Brusatte, 2007, pg. 903, Figure 2, Lateral View)

34 - 46 = 12.
12/34*100 = 35.3% increase.
12.0 m + 35.3% = 53 feet (16.2 meters).

Update (10/23/20): UCRC PV12 (Originally SGN Din-1):
Maxilla from Ibrahim et al., (2020) (Figure 133). Scale bar is 20 cm:
Maxilla (from beginning to antorbital fossa): 41.5 cm. (I got it twice on 4/26/20 and once on 11/6/20; "A," Lateral View)
Tooth row from beginning of maxillary fenestra ("mf"): 30 cm (Measured on 10/23/20, "A").
*Tooth row from tip up to 8th tooth: 47.6 cm (at best) (Measured on 3/27/21, A, lateral view).

Acrocanthosaurus Specimen NCSM 14345:
Beginning of Maxilla up to Beginning of Antorbital Fossa (Lateral View): 34 cm. (Canale et al., 2014, Figure 3, Lateral View; Right maxilla?)
Length: 12.0 meters.

34 - 41.5 = 7.5.
7.5/34*100 = 22.1% increase.
12.0 m + 22.1% = 48 feet (14.7 meters).

Update (3/15/21): I compared the measurements I've obtained from Sereno et al., (1996) to Ibrahim et al., (2020)(a). All measurements were taken on Measured on 3/14/21.

UCRC PV12 (formerly SGN Din-1) from Sereno et al., (1996) (p. 988 Figure 2) (Scale bar is 50 cm):
UCRC PV12 Skeletal Diagram (with other specimens scaled to same size) from Ibrahim et al., (2020)(a), Figure 139) (Scale bar is 1 m):

Maxilla:
2020: 100 cm.
1996 (A): 102.5 cm.

*Skull:
*2020: 153 cm (at best) (Got it again on 3/27/21).
1996 (A): 164.5 cm (abt best).

Dentary (Ibrahim, 2020) (Scaled upward from another specimen): 110 cm (at best).

Acrocanthosaurus NCSM 14345:
Maxilla: 84 cm (at best).
Dentary: 85.5 cm (at best).
Skull: 144.4 cm.
Body: 12.0 m.

*2020 Skull Length:
144.4 - 153 = 8.6.
8.6/144.4*100 = 6% increase.
12.0 m + 6% = 42 feet (12.7 meters).

2020 Maxilla Length:
84 - 100 = 16.
16/84*100 = 19.1% increase.
12.0 m + 19.1% = 47 feet (14.3 meters). 

Dentary:
85.5 - 110 = 24.5.
24.5/85.5*100 = 28.7% increase.
12.0 m + 28.5% = 51 feet (15.4 meters).

Giganotosaurus Holotype MUCPv-Ch 1:
Skull: 149.8 cm.
Body: 12.4 meters.

*2020 Skull Length:
149.8 - 153 = 3.2.
3.2/149.8*100 = 2.1% increase.
12.4 m + 2.1% = 12.7 m.

1996 Skull Length:
Giganotosaurus Specimen MUCPv-95:
Skull: 157.9 cm.
Body: 13.1 m.

164.5 - 157.9 = 6.6.
6.6/157.9*100 = 4.2% increase.
13.1 m + 4.2% = 45 feet (13.7 meters).

Dentary:
Tyrannotitan Paratype:
Dentary: 90.5 cm (at best).
Body: 12.9 meters.

90.5 - 110 = 19.5.
19.5/90.5*100 = 21.6% increase.
12.9 m + 21.6% = 52 feet (15.7 meters).

For some reason, the total skull length gives a smaller, and more consistent, body estimate than the maxilla and dentary lengths. The maxilla for the specimen is very incomplete, so perhaps using it is not wise. Carrano et al., (2012) have stated state Carch.'s skull is actually only slightly larger than T. rex's (142 cm to 139 cm) (p. 225). I will go with Ibrahim et al., (2020)'s length, since it is more updated.

Update (3/27/21): After trying to be more accurate with my size estimates, I've come to the conclusion that tooth row length can help extrapolate a size estimate when it comes to dealing with fragmentary skull, and jaw, bones. 

UCRC PV12 (Originally SGN Din-1):
Maxillary tooth row from tip to 8th tooth: 47.6 cm.

Acrocanthosaurus NCSM 14345:
Maxilla: 84 cm (at best).
Tooth row from tip to 8th tooth: 41.5 cm.
Skull: 144.4 cm.
Body: 12.0 m.

47.6 - 41.5 = 6.1.
6.1/41.5*100 = 14.7% increase.
12.0 m + 14.7% = 45 feet (13.8 meters).
84 cm + 14.7% = 96.4 cm for complete maxilla.
144.4 cm + 14.7% = 165.6 cm for skull (Correlates well with what Carrano et al., 2012 said on p. 225. My skull length for "Sue" is 163.2 cm).

UCRC PV12's (SGM-Din 1's) Total Length: 45 feet (13.8 meters).
Skull: 165.6 cm.

Link:
Ibrahim et al., (2020):
("Taphonomy," Figure 133, "A"):
Canale et al., (2014):
Sereno et al., (1996):
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/272/5264/986
Link 2:
https://eurekamag.com/pdf/009/009226569.pdf
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC3061882_pone.0017932.g035&req=4
Brusatte (2007) (Pg. 905):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232678470_A_new_species_of_Carcharodontosaurus_Dinosauria_Theropoda_from_the_Cenomanian_of_Niger_and_a_revision_of_the_genus
Maxilla to Antorbital Fossa Measurements:
Carcharodontosaurus:
Brusatte (2007) (Pg. 903, Figure 2):
Paleofile:
Eddy and Clarke (2011):
Acrocanthosaurus:
Canale et al., (2014) (Figure 3):
Currie and Carpenter (1999) (Pg. 211, Figure 3):

2. IPHG 1922 X46 (Holotype):
Femora: 1.26 meters. (Stromer, 1931 [part 2], p. 15) (Theropod Database)
Incomplete Pubes: Less than 1 meter. (Theropod Database)

Acrocanthosaurus Specimen NCSM 14345:
Femur: 127.7 cm.
Body: 12.0 meters.

127.7 - 126 = 1.7
1.7/127.7*100 = 1.3% decrease.
12.0 m - 1.3% = 39 feet (11.8/12.0 meters).

IPHG 1922 X46's Total Length: 39 feet (11.8 meters).

Link:
Stromer (1931) (Part 2) (P. 15):
http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Stromers-Egypt-expedition_Carcharodontosaurus_Stromer_1931.pdf
Theropod Database. "Carcharodontosaurus saharicus":
http://theropoddatabase.com/Carnosauria.htm#Carcharodontosaurussaharicus

Carcharodontosaurus' Total Length: 39-45 feet (11.8-13.8 meters).

Mapusaurus (or Giganotosaurus roseae):
1. MCF-PVPH-108.234:
Femur: 130.0 cm. (Coria and Currie, 2006, pg. 103)
Length: 12.2 meters. (Based on T.rex specimens MOR 555 BHI 3033)

MCF-PVPH-108.234's Total Length: 40 feet (12.2 meters).

Coria and Currie (2006) (pg. 103):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228655543_A_new_carcharodontosaurid_Dinosauria_Theropoda_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_Argentina

2. MCF-PVPH-108.45:
Femur: 118.0 cm (Coria and Currie, 2006, pg. 96).

Carcharodontosaurus saharicus Holotype IPHG 1922 X46:
Femora: 1.26 m. 
Body: 39 feet (11.8).

118 - 126 = 8.
8/126*100 = 6.4% decrease.
11.8 - 8% = 36 feet (10.9 meters).

MCF-PVPH-108.45's Total Length: 36 feet (10.9 meters).

Link:
Coria and Currie (2006) (pg. 96):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228655543_A_new_carcharodontosaurid_Dinosauria_Theropoda_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_Argentina

3. MCF-PVPH-108.202:
MCF-PVPH-108.202 is said to have been either 29 feet (8.8/9.0 meters) (Coria and Currie, 2006, pg. 116) or 41 feet (NBC, 2006). Currie on NBC News in 2006 said that the largest individual of Mapusaurus discovered was 41 feet long, and MCF-PVPH-108.202 seems to be the largest individual based on how large its fibula is.

Coria and Currie (2006) stated that MCF-PVPH-108.202, represented by a fibula, is 2.5 cm longer than the Giganotosaurus holotype's, which is 83.5 cm long (Coria and Currie, 2006, pg. 104) (Theropod Database).

However, I decided to measure the fibula myself.

MCF-PVPH-108.202's Fibula (Scale bar is 10 cm):
Length: 104 cm. (Measured around 9/1-4/2019 in Coria and Currie, 2006, "B," Lateral View)

Tyrannotitan Paratype MPEF -PV 1157 (Largest Specimen):
Fibula: 88 cm.
Body: 12.9 meters.

104 - 88 = 16.
16/88*100 = 18.2% increase.
12.9 m + 18.2% = 50 feet (15.3 meters).
Note: Carcharodontosaurs had small fibulas and tibias compared to their femurs.

It looks like this is the largest specimen after all. Originally, I always thought that Mapusaurus was smaller than Giganotosaurus, but it seems that Mapusaurus (up to 15.3 meters) was longer than Giganotosaurus (up to 12.7 meters).

MCF-PVPH-108.202's Total Length: 50 feet (15.3 meters).
Links:
Coria and Currie (2006) (pg. 103, 104, 109, and 116):
Theropod Database:
NBC (2006):
Carrano et al., (2012) (pg. 249):

4. MCF-PVPH-108.203:
Originally, this specimen was given a length of 10.2 meters, which is the largest size of the specimens listed in Coria and Currie (2006) (pg. 116). However, the femur length wasn't stated in the paper, so I decided to measure it myself.

Femur (Coria and Currie, 2006, pg. 101, "A," Anterior) (Scale bar is 10 cm):
Length:
Straight side/Up to the tip of the "at": 118 cm. (Measured on 9/6/19)
Complete length (From femoral head ("fl") to tip of "ag": 134 cm. (Measured on 9/8/19)

T.rex specimen "Hank":
Femur: 132.7 cm.
Body: 12.6 meters.

132.7 - 134 = 1.3.
1.3/132.7*100 = 1% increase.
12.6 m + 1% = 42 feet (12.7 meters).

Looks like this specimen was a little longer than 10.2 meters.

MCF-PVPH-108.203's Total Length: 42 feet (12.7 meters).

Link:
Coria and Currie (2006) (pg. 103, 104, 109, and 116):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228655543_A_new_carcharodontosaurid_Dinosauria_Theropoda_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_Argentina

5. MCF-PVPH-108.68:
Tibia (Scale bar is 10 cm):
Length: 110 cm. (Measured on 9/6/19) (Coria and Currie, 2006, pg. 102, "A," Anterior)

Saurophaganax Specimen OMNH 01370:
Tibia: 101 cm.
Body: 11.1 meters.

110 - 101 = 9.
9/101*100 = 8.9% increase.
11.1 m + 8.9% = 40 feet (12.1 meters).

MCF-PVPH-108.68's Total Length: 40 feet (12.1 meters).

Link:
Coria and Currie (2006) (pg. 102):

6. MCF-PVPH-108.145:
This is suppose to be the largest specimen in the bone bed, as stated in Coria and Currie (2006) (pg. 101).

Info.:
Minimum shaft dimensions (length and width, it seems) are 10% greater than in the holotype of Giganotosaurus (Coria and Currie, 2006, pg. 101).

There isn't a picture of the pubic shaft in the paper, so I guess the only way I can get a measurement for this specimen is to add 10% to 12.4 meters.

12.4 m + 10% = 45 feet (13.6 meters).

MCF-PVPH-108.145's Total Length: 45 feet (13.6 meters).

Link:
Coria and Currie (2006) (pg. 100-101):

Mapusaurus' (or G. roseae's) Total Length: 36-50 feet (10.9-15.3 meters).

Tyrannotitan (or Giganotosaurus chubutensis):
1. MPEF-PV 1157 (Paratype) (Largest Specimen):
Femur (Measured on 9/7-8/19 in Novas et al., 2015, pg. 21, "A," Anterior):
 Straight side/Up to lesser trochanter: 123.0 cm.
Full Length (From femoral head to longest tip): 136 cm.

T.rex specimens CM 9380 and "Samson" had femur lengths of 136 cm and body lengths of 12.9 meters. I'll give the same length to MPEF.

MPEF-PV 1157's Total Length: 42 feet (12.9 meters).

MPEF -PV 1157's Stats:
Femur: 136.0 cm.
Fibula: 88 cm (at best). (Measured on 9/8/19 in Novas et al., 2015, pg. 22, "B," Lateral)
Dentary: 90.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 3/27/21 in Novas et al., 2015, Figure 7).

Link:
Novas et al., (2015) ("Lesser trochanter" word on pg. 2):

2. MPEF-PV 1156 (Holotype):
Femur:
Straight Side: 106.0 cm. (Measured on 9/7/19 in Novas et al., 2005, pg. 227)
Full Length: 114 cm. (Measured on 9/8/19 in Novas et al., 2005, pg. 227)

Acrocanthosaurus Holotype OMNH 10143:
Femur: 115.3 cm. 
Body: 35 feet (10.7 meters).

115.3 - 114 = 1.3.
1.3/115.3*100 = 1.1% decrease.
10.7 m - 1.1% = 35 feet (10.6 meters).

MPEF-PV 1156's Total Length: 35 feet (10.6 meters).

Links:
Novas et al., (2005):

Tyrannotitan's (or G. chubutensis's) Total Length: 35-42 feet (10.6-12.9 meters).

Siats:
FMNH PR 2716 (Holotype):
Femur: 116.6 cm (Zanno and Makovicky, 2013).

Mapusaurus Specimens MCF-PVPH-108.45:
Femurs: 118.0 cm
Bodies: 36 feet (10.9 meters).

116.6 - 118 = 1.4.
1.4/118*100 = 1.2% decrease.
10.9 m - 1.7% = 35 feet (10.8 m).

This was a immature specimen (Zanno and Makovicky, 2013, "Results"), and I'm going to assume that it was a juvenile. I'll give it about 16 years of age at best. I think if I go any older than that, it'll be a sub-adult.

Age 18: 37 feet (11.3 meters).

Siats' Total Length: 36 feet (11.0 meters)
Age: 16 (At best?/My guess).
Age 18: 37 feet (11.3 meters)(?).

Links:
Femur:
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3827/tables/2
Paper:
Zanno and Makovicky (2013):
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3827
Weight:
Huffington Post (2013):
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/22/new-dinosaur-siats-meekerorum_n_4322935.html

Saurophaganax:
(Illustration is owned by me)

Size speculation: 14 meters. (Chure, 1995, pg. 105)

1. OMNH 01370:
Tibia: 101 cm. (Measured in Chure, 1995, pg. 105, Medial View)
Allosaurus tendagurensis Holotype MB.R3620:
Tibia: 91 cm. 
Body: 10.0 meters.

101 - 91 = 10.
10/91*100 = 11% increase.
10.0 m + 11% = 36 feet (11.1 meters).

 OMNH 01370's Total Length: 36 feet (11.1 meters).

 Other specimens include an atlas, a mid-dorsal neural arch, an ilium, and a tibia.

 2. OMNH 01135:
Atlas (Measured on 6/29/20 in Chure, 1995, Figure 1, B, Right Lateral View): 
-Height: 21 cm.
-Centrum Length: 6.7 cm (at best).  

 Tyrannotitan Paratype MPEF-PV 1157 (Largest Specimen):
Atlas: (Measured on 6/29/20 in Novas et al., 2015, pg. 8, Figure 8, B, Right Lateral View):
-Height: 21 cm.
-Centrum Length: 10.3 cm (at best).
Body Length: 12.9 meters.

Centrum Length:
10.3 - 6.7 = 3.6.
3.6/10.3*100 = 35% decrease.
12.9 m - 35% = 28 feet (8.4 meters).

 OMNH 01135's Total Length: 28 feet (8.4 meters). 

3. OMNH 01708/0112:
Femur: 113.5 cm. (Chure, 1995, pg. 105) (Zanno and Makovicky, 2013) 

Tyrannotitan Specimen MPEF-PV 1156 (Holotype):
Femur: 114 cm.
Body: 10.6 meters.

113.5 - 114 = 0.5.
0.5/114*100 = 0.4% decrease.
10.6 m - 0.4% = 35 feet (10.6 meters).

OMNH 01708's/0112's Total Lengths: 35 feet (10.6 meters).

Saurophaganax's Total Length: 28-36 feet (8.4-11.1 meters).

 Notes:
-Paleontologist Andrea Cau (2009) suggests that Saurophaganax might be a carcharodontosauridae (or carcharodontosaurid). After a personal evaluation of its mid-dorsal neural arch and atlas, it seems to me that Saurophaganax is indeed a carcharodontosaurid.

 -Since Saurophaganax is an early carcharodontosaurid, the size I was able to obtain for it seems accurate. 

 -Mickey Mortimer in 2018 did a Lori analysis, and put Saurophaganax as a relative of Acrocanthosaurus and Concavenator, other carcharodontosaurids.

Links:
Chure (1995):
Suchomimus:
Size estimate: 11.0 meters (Sereno et al., 1996)

Skull: 119.0 cm. (Hendrickx et al., 2016) (Therrien and Henderson, 2007, pg. 111)
Femur: 107.5 cm. (Sereno et al., 1998)

Allosaurus Specimen OMNH 0112:
Femur: 113.5 cm. 
Body: 10.6 meters.
113.5 - 107.5 = 6.
6/113.5*100 = 5.3% decrease.
10.6 m - 5.3% = 33 feet (10.0 meters).

 Note: Both Allosaurus and Suchomimus are carnosaurs (Rauhut and Pol, 2019, Figure 4).

Suchomimus' Total Length: 33 feet (10.0 meters).

Suchomimus' Stats (From Sereno et al., 1998):
Humerus: 56.0 cm.
Premaxilla: 33 cm. (Measured on 4/26/20 in Figure 2, "D")
Premaxilla to 7th aveoli/tooth: 12 cm. (Measured on 4/26/20 in Figure 2, "D")
Maxilla to Antorbital Fossa: 39.5 cm. (Measured on 4/26/20 in Figure 2, "D")
Dentary: 67.7 cm (at best). (Measured myself in Figure 2, "D")
Dentary Tooth Row: 46 cm (Measured on 3/20/21 in Figure 2 D).
Full Rostrum: 78 cm. (Measured myself in Figure 2, "A")
Premaxilla to Maxilla: 12.5 cm (Measured on 3/15/21 in Figure 2 D).
Maxilla: 59 cm (Measured on 3/14/21 in Figure 2 D).

Links:
Sereno et al., (1998):
Hendrickx et al., (2016) ("Size" Section):

Allosaurus:
Update (2/22/20): According to Evers et al., (2020), there doesn't seem to be any diagnostic features between the multiple species of Allosaurus, based on a study of multiple skulls (mainly cheek or jugal bones) ("Introduction," Figure 5, "Discussion," and "Conclusion"). Therefore, it seems that Allosaurus fragilis is the only valid species of Allosaurus so far. Therefore, all species and specimens listed below belong to Allosaurus fragilis.

Links:
Evers et al., (2020) ("Introduction," Figure 5, "Discussion," and "Conclusion"):
How Many Species of Allosaurus Are There!?:

Femurs:
1. NMMNH P-26083:
Femur: 103.0 cm. (Measured on 9/8/19 in Heckert et al., 2003, pg. 319, "B")

 Originally called an unidentified allosauridae in Heckert et al., (2003), the paper says that the bones are too large to belong to Allosaurus. However, the specimen doesn't share any similar features to Saurophaganax (pg. 320-321). Mickey Mortimer from the Theropod Database also identified this specimen as Allosaurus fragilis. Interestingly, Lucas and Heckert (2015) said that the specimen was "Saurophaganax-like," but still calls it an allosaurid instead of directly calling it Saurophaganax (pg. 100). Since Saurophaganax is a carcharodontosaurid now, it seems more likely than ever that this specimen is Allosaurus.

Suchomimus:
Femur: 107.5 cm.
Body: 10.0 meters.

107.5 - 103 = 4.5.
4.5/107.5*100 = 4.2% decrease.
10.0 m - 4.2% = 32 feet (9.6 meters).
Theropod Database:

2. AMNH 680:
From Foster and Chure (2006):
Femur: 1.008 meters.
Tibia: 85.6 cm.

NMMNH P-26083:
Femur: 103 cm.
Body: 9.6 meters.
103 - 100.8 = 2.2.
2.2/103*100 = 2.1% decrease.
9.6 m - 2.2% = 31 feet (9.4 meters).

Link:
Foster and Chure (2006):

3. DNM: 
Femur: 91.0 cm. (Madsen (1976, pg. 43)

AMNH 680:
Femur: 1.008 meters.
Tibia: 85.6 cm.
Body: 9.4 meters.

 91 - 100.8 = 9.8.
9.8/100.8*100 = 9.7% decrease.
9.4 m - 9.7% = 28 feet (8.5 meters).

Link:
Madsen, Jim. Allosaurus Fragilis: A Revised Osteology. Originally published in 1976, re-published in 1993. Web.:
4. UUVP 6000:
Femur: 88 cm. (Madsen (1976, pg. 43)

DNM:
Femur: 91.0 cm. 
Body: 8.5 m.

91 - 88 = 3.
3/91*100 = 3.3% decrease.
8.5 m - 3.3% = 27 feet (8.2 meters).

Link:
Madsen, Jim. Allosaurus Fragilis: A Revised Osteology. Originally published in 1976, re-published in 1993. Web.:

 DNM: 
Femur: 91.0 cm.
Body: 8.5 meters.
85 - 91 = 6.
6/91*100 = 6.6% increase.
8.5 m - 6.6% = 26 feet (7.9 meters).

UUVP 6000:
Femur: 88 cm.
Body: 8.2 m.

88 - 85 = 3.
3/88*100 = 3.4% decrease.
8.2 m - 3.4% = 26 feet (7.9 meters).

USNM's Stats:
Humerus: 31.0 cm. (Gilmore 1920, pg. 59)
Ilium (Right): 72 cm (Gilmore, 1920, p. 66).
Femur: 85 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 69)
Tibia: 69 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 71)
Fibula: 62.3 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 71)
Coracoid (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 58):
Length: 12 cm.
Width: 17 cm.
Scapula-Coracoid (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 58): 
Length: 79.5 cm.
Skull: 60.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 9)
Maxilla: 36 cm (p. 22).
Body: 26 feet (7.9 meters).

Gilmore (1920) (pg. 9-71):
Humerus:
7. UUVP 3607 (Largest Femur in Madsen, 1976):
Humerus: 38.6 cm. (Madsen, 1976, pg. 41)

USNM 4734:
Humerus: 31.0 cm. 
Body: 26 feet (7.9 meters).
38.6 - 31 = 7.6.
7.6/31*100 = 24.5% increase.
7.9 m + 24.5% = 32 feet (9.8 meters).

Link:
Madsen, Jim. Allosaurus Fragilis: A Revised Osteology. Originally published in 1976, re-published in 1993. Web.:
Link 2:
https://digitallibrary.utah.gov/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=39079
Link 3:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7f14/5dfab1a6a66f15bdd22791dfec34d8b5c927.pdf?_ga=2.101699777.1756070742.1594155942-1908276041.1593232121

8. SMA 0005 ("Big Al TWO/2"):
Size estimate: 7.6 meters. (Foth et al., 2015, "Materials and Methods") (BHIGR)

Stated to have been 12% larger than MOR 693 ("Big Al"). (Foth et al., 2015, "Materials and Methods") However, "Big Al" was stated to have been 8.0 meters long (Breithaupt, Retrieved in 2019, stated near "Figure 5"). I got 10.6 meters. Foth et al., (2015) said that SMA was a large, and possibly an adult, specimen ("Abstract"), so SMA would have to be a large specimen.

Coracoid Length (Up to beginning of gleniod facet [marked]): 17.2 cm. (Measured in Foth et al., 2015, Figure 8, "A")

USNM 4734:
Coracoid (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 58):
Length: 12 cm.
Width: 17 cm.
Scapula-Coracoid (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 58): 
Length: 79.5 cm.
Body: 7.9 meters.

17.2 - 12 = 5.2.
5.2/12*100 = 43.3% increase.
7.9 m + 43.3% = 37 feet (11.3 meters).

I thought that 11.3 meters might have been a little too big, but if SMA was a "large, almost complete, possibly adult" specimen, then 11.3 meters does fall within the adult size range for an average. As I've said before, I got 10.6 meters for "Big Al," so I'll keep this length.

 Update (2/12/20): "Big Al 2" is now considered to be A. jimmadseni (Chure and Loewen, 2020).

Update (5/8/21):
Skull: 79 cm (BHIGR).

Allosaurus (?)lucasi Specimen YPM PV 57589 (Holotype):
Skull: 77.5 cm.
Body: 33 feet (10.1 meters).

77.5 - 79 = 1.5.
1.5/77.5*100 = 1.9% increase.
10.1 m + 1.9% = 34 feet (10.3 meters).

Big Al Two's Total Length: 34 feet (10.3 meters).
Skull: 79 cm.

Link:
Foth et al., (2015):
BHIGR:
Evers et al., (2020) ("Introduction," Figure 5, "Discussion," and "Conclusion"):

9. AMNH 5767:
Originally called "Epanterias amplexus" (Cope, 1878, pg. 406), and considered a sauropod. However, it was revealed to have been a theropod (Osborn and Mook, 1912, pg. 282). It's now considered either to be indistinguishable from Allosaurus fragillis (Osborn and Mook, 1912, pg. 282), or a nomen dubium by Paul and Carpenter (2010) (pg. 54). However, aside from the holotype, Paleontologists Robert Bakker is said to have discovered a second specimen (called CPS 99 by Theropod Database) (Browne, 1990). Therefore, Epanterias might be its own species after all. I can't find any measurements for CPS 99, so I'll just stick with the holotype.

Size:
Size estimate: 50 feet. (Dr. Bakker in Browne, 1990) (Lee Dye, 1990) (Popular Science, 1990, pg. 26) (Real Colorado Travel, 2012) (North Forty News, 2017)

Coracoid (On Bottom) (Paleofile): 
Length: 24 cm. (I got it twice on 9/3/19)
Width: 34.0 cm. 
Scapula-coracoid (Paleofile):
Length: 132 cm.
Allosaurus fragilis Specimen USNM 4734:
Coracoid (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 58):
Length: 12 cm.
Width: 17 cm.
Scapula-Coracoid (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 58): 
Length: 79.5 cm.
Body: 7.9 meters.

Coracoid Length:
24 - 12 = 12.
12/12*100 = 100% increase.
7.9 m + 100% = 52 feet (15.8 meters).

Scapula-coracoid Length:
79.5 - 132 = 52.5.
52.5/79.5*100 = 66% increase.
7.9 m + 66% = 43 feet (13.1 meters).

 Allosaurus fragilis Specimen SMA 0005 ("Big Al 2"):
Coracoid Length (Up to gleniod facet): 17.2 cm.
Body: 11.3 meters.

 24 - 17.2 = 6.8.
6.8/17.2*100 = 39.5% increase.
11.3 m + 39.5% = 52 feet (15.8 meters).

I'm a bit torn on this. The coracoid is huge. I thought part of the scapula was broken off with the coracoid. However, Osborn and Mook (1912) (pg. 284) said that only the coracoid was broken off from the scapula. I was skeptical when I got the 15.8-meter length from USNM, but I got the same length using "Big Al TWO." Therefore, based on the length of the coracoid, Epanterias was a whooping 15.8 meters! It also seems consistent with the 50-foot estimate by Bakker. Paleontologist Mickey Mortimer in 2003 said that Epanterias was larger than Saurophaganax. Plus, the coracoid is the only part of the scapulacoracoid that exists, so I'll go with that length.

Is It Allosaurus?
As for being its own species, I don't know whether to call this animal Epanterias or Allosaurus. As stated before, Paul and Carpenter (2010) said that it was a nomen dubium at best (pg. 54). Osborn and Mook (1912) said that Epanterias cannot be distinguished from Allosaurus (fragilis) (pg. 282). With that quote in mind, I'm going to assign "Epanterias" to Allosaurus fragilis.

 Notes: 
-North Forty News (2017) said that the bones discovered in 1990, originally designated to Epanterias, are now assigned to Allosaurus.

  -In a dml.cmnh.org email from 2000, it was also stated that the 1990's Epanterias fossil was a large specimen of Allosaurus fragilis.

 -Paleontologist Andrea Cau (2009) also says that Epanterias is Allosaurus fragilis.

 -Weishampel et al., (2004) says that Epanterias is Allosaurus fragilis (Pg. 74-75).

 -Madsen (1976/1993) also said that Epanterias was Allosaurus fragilis (pg. 5). 

 Personal Observation: The 1st or 2nd dorsal vertebrae of AMNH 5767 (Osborn and Mook, 1912, pg. 283) is identical to a normal 2nd Allosaurus fragilis dorsal vertebrae seen in Madsen (1976/1993) (pg. 85, "A"-"C"). Therefore, AMNH 5767 is Allosaurus fragilis.

Update (3/15/21): Acrocanthosaurus NCSM 14345:
Scapulacoracoid: 118 cm (Currie and Carpenter, 1999, Table 1).
Body: 12.0 meters.

118 - 132 = 14.
14/118*100 = 11.9% increase.
12 m + 11.9% = 44 feet (13.4 meters).

Links: 
Cope (1878) (pg. 406):
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/272127
Paleofile:
http://www.paleofile.com/Dinosaurs/Theropods/Allosaurus.asp
Paul and Carpenter (2010) (pg. 54):
http://gspauldino.com/images/BZN67(1)Case3506.pdf
Browne (1990):
Osborn and Mook (1912) (pg. 282 and 284):
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c087390587&view=1up&seq=136&size=200
Mickey Mortimer (2003):
http://dml.cmnh.org/2003Jul/msg00355.html
Allosaurus fragilis Discovery Date:
NMNH Paleontology Department (2018):
https://www.si.edu/es/object/nmnhpaleobiology_3451298
North Forty News (2017):
https://northfortynews.com/the-monster-of-masonville/
Lee Dye (1990):
Real Colorado Travel (2012):
"Epanterias Amplexus." dml.cmnh.org. 2000:
http://dml.cmnh.org/2000Aug/msg00404.html
Andrea Cau (2009):
http://translate.google.com/translate?u=https%3A//theropoda.blogspot.com/search%3Fq%3Depanterias&hl=en&langpair=it|en&tbb=1&ie=UTF-8
Weishampel et al., (2004) (Pg. 74-75):
https://books.google.com/books?id=h4WRTHfTzXsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=neovenator+miwg+4199&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivy66r7ILjAhVpmuAKHVHOBKIQ6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=tyrannosaurus&f=false
Link 2:
Link 2:
https://digitallibrary.utah.gov/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=39079
Link 3:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7f14/5dfab1a6a66f15bdd22791dfec34d8b5c927.pdf?_ga=2.101699777.1756070742.1594155942-1908276041.1593232121

Skulls:
10. MOR 693 ("Big Al"): 
Estimated length: 8.0 meters. (Breithaupt, no date, stated near "Figure 5")

Skull (From Serjoscha Ever's Twitter Page): 
Length: 81.3 cm. (Measured on 9/6/19)

USNM 4734:
Skull: 60.5 cm.
Body: 7.9 meters.

60.5 - 81.3 = 20.8.
20.8/60.5*100 = 34.4% in.
7.9 m + 34.4% = 35 feet (10.6 meters).

Allosaurus (?)lucasi Specimen YPM PV 57589 (Holotype):
Skull: 77.5 cm.
Body: 33 feet (10.1 meters).

77.5 - 81.3 = 3.8.
3.8/77.5*100 = 4.9% increase.
10.1 m + 4.9% = 35 feet (10.6 meters).

 "Big Al" was 87% grown (Laws, 1996, pg. 51).

 Adult Length:
10.6 m + 13% = 39 feet (12.0 meters).

 Note: "Big Al" was said to be 10.0 meters long in the documentary Allosaurus: Walking With Dinosaurs Special (2000) (21:20).

 Update (2/12/20): "Big Al" and "Big Al 2" are considered to now by A. jimmadseni (Chure and Loewen, 2020)

Links:
Chure and Loewen (2020):
https://peerj.com/articles/7803/
Breithaupt. Retrieved in 2019. (Stated Near "Figure 5"):
Theropod Database:

11. AMNH 666:
Skull: 88.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 9) (Osborn, 1903, pg. 697)

MOR 693 ("Big Al"):
Skull: 81.3 cm.
Body: 10.6 meters.

88.5 - 81.3 = 7.2.
7.2/81.3*100 = 8.9% in.
10.6 m + 8.9% = 38 feet (11.5 meters).

Link:
Osborn (1903) (Pg. 697):
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1510//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B019a31.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Gilmore (1920) (Pg. 9):
https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/10107

12. 82.5-cm Skull (Dinosaur Corporation):

MOR 693 ("Big Al"):
Skull: 81.3 cm.
Body: 10.6 meters.

82.5 -81.3 = 1.2.
1.2/81.3*100 = 1.5% increase.
10.6 m + 1.5% = 35 feet (10.8 meters).

Link:
Dinosaur Corporation:
https://www.dinosaurcorporation.com/alfr.html

13. YPM PV 57589 (Holotype) (Largest/Adult Specimen):
Skull: 77.5 cm. (Dalman, 2014, pg. 162)

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen USNM 4734:
Skull: 60.5 cm.
Body: 7.9 meters.

77.5 - 60.5 = 17.
17/60.5*100 = 28.1% increase.
7.9 m + 28.1% = 33 feet (10.1 meters).

Link:
Dalman (2014) (pg. 162):
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:BIvP0C4_wd8J:9048.indexcopernicus.com/fulltxt.php%3FICID%3D1130141+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari
Theropod Database:
("A. lucasi"):
https://www.theropoddatabase.com/Carnosauria.htm#Allosaurusfragilis
Chure and Loewen (2020) ("Discovery and exavational history," p. 5):
https://peerj.com/articles/7803/

14. MB.R3620:
Tibia: 91 cm. (Fossilworks) (Mortimer, 2003)

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen UUVP 6000:
Femur: 88 cm.
Tibia: 74.5 cm. (Madsen, 1976, pg. 44)
Body: 8.2 meters.

74.5 - 91 = 16.5.
16.5/74.5*100 = 22.2% increase.
8.2 m + 22.2% = 33 feet (10.0 meters).

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen AMNH 680:
Femur: 1.008 meters.
Tibia: 85.6 cm.
Body: 9.4 meters.

 85.6 - 91 = 5.4.
5.4/85.6*100 = 6.3% increase.
9.4 m + 6.3% = 33 feet (10.0 meters).

Links:
Fossilworks:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=64341
Mortimer (2003):
http://dml.cmnh.org/2003Jul/msg00355.html
Rauhut (2005) (pg. 209):
https://www.academia.edu/25456862/Theropod_dinosaurs_from_the_Late_Jurassic_of_Tendaguru_Tanzania
Time:
Fossilworks:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=64341
Weishampel et al., (2004) (Pg. 74-75):
Link 2:

15. MNHNUL/AND.001:
Femur: 43.5 cm (at best). (Measured in Perez-Moreno et al., 1999)

USNM 4734:
Femur: 85 cm. 
Body: 7.9 meters.

85 - 43.5 = -41.5.
-41.5/85*100 = 48.8% decrease.
7.9 m - 48.8% = 14 feet (4.1 meters).

Femur: 84.5 cm (at best). (Measured on 5/3/20 in Malafaia et al., 2007, pg. 260, Figure 2, "C," anterior; measured with scale bar from "B")

MNHNUL/AND.001's Femur (Malafaia et al., 2007, pg. 260, Figure 2, "C," anterior; measured with scale bar from "B"). Scale bar is 9 cm:
USNM 4734:
Femur: 85 cm. 
Body: 7.9 meters.

 85 - 84.5 = 0.5.
0.5/85*100 = 0.6% decrease.
7.9 m + 0.6% = 26 feet (7.9 meters).

Links:
Perez-Moreno et al., (1999):
http://hazy.cs.wisc.edu/hazy/share/zifeipdf/10381/input_k2opt.pdf
Malafaia et al., (2007):

16. ML415: 
Skull: 81 cm (Measured on 11/27/19 in Mateus et al., 2006, pg. 5)

 A. fragilis Specimen MOR 693 ("Big Al"):
Skull: 81.3 cm.
Body: 35 feet (10.6 meters).

81 - 81.3 = -0.3.
-0.3/81.3*100 = 0.4% decrease.
10.6 m - 0.4% = 35 feet (10.6 meters). 

Links:
Mateus et al., (2006) (pg. 5):
https://docentes.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/omateus/files/mateus_walen_antunes_-_2006_-_the_large_theropod_fauna_of_the_lourinha_formation__portugal__and_its_similarity_to_the_morrison_formation__with_a_description_of_a_new_species_of_allosaurus.pdf
Fossilworks:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=94354
Link 2:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&taxon_no=94354&max_interval=Jurassic&country=Portugal&is_real_user=1&basic=yes&type=view&match_subgenera=1
Time:
Mateus et al., (2006) (pg. 5):
https://docentes.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/omateus/files/mateus_walen_antunes_-_2006_-_the_large_theropod_fauna_of_the_lourinha_formation__portugal__and_its_similarity_to_the_morrison_formation__with_a_description_of_a_new_species_of_allosaurus.pdf

16. YPM VP.1879/1892 (Holotype):
Skull: 88 cm (Estimated from a quadrate). (Galton et al., 2015, pg. 327 and 329)

A. fragilis Specimen AMNH 666:
Skull: 88.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 9)
Body: 38 feet (11.5 meters).

 88 - 88.5 = 0.5.
0.5/88.5*100 = 0.6% decrease.
11.5 m - 0.6% = 37 feet (11.4 meters).

 Link:
Galton et al., (2015):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273334027_The_holotype_pes_of_the_Morrison_dinosaur_Camptonotus_amplus_MARSH_1879_Upper_Jurassic_western_USA_-_Is_it_Camptosaurus_Sauropoda_or_Allosaurus
Chure and Loewen (2020):

17. "Dracula":
Skull: 30 inches (76.2 cm).

A. fragilis Specimen USNM 4734:
Skull: 60.5 cm.
Body: 7.9 meters.

 60.5 - 76.2 = 15.7.
15.7/60.5*100 = 26% increase.
7.9 m + 26% = 33 feet (10.0 meters).

18. DINO 11541 (Holotype):
Femur: 59.9 cm. (NPS)

 Allosaurus fragilis Specimen USNM 4734:
Femur: 85 cm. 
Body: 7.9 meters.

 85 - 59.9 = 25.1.
25.1/85*100 = 29.5% decrease.
7.9 m - 29.5% = 18 feet (5.6 meters).

 This seems to have been a juvenile. It was also concluded that the holotype was not fully grown in Chure and Loewen (2020) ("Ontogenetic Assessment of Dino 11541," p. 4-5).

 Links:
Chure and Loewen (2020):
https://peerj.com/articles/7803/
Theropod Database:
("A. 'jimmadseni'"):
https://www.theropoddatabase.com/Carnosauria.htm#Allosaurusfragilis
"Dracula":
Etsy:
https://www.etsy.com/listing/660375933/allosaurus-jimmadseni-dracula-skull?ref=landingpage_similar_listing_top-4&frs=1
Time:
*Heritage Auctions, INC.:
https://fineart.ha.com/itm/dinosauria/bones/the-allosaurus-dracula-mounted-skeleton/a/6061-49072.s
Fossilworks:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=157544
DINO 11541:
Femur:
https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/dino/exb/femur_dino11541p_exb.html
Phalange (Hand Claw):
Metatarsals:
Humerus:
Left:
Right (Larger):
Scapula-Coracoid:
https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/dino/exb/tibia_fibula_dino11541n_exb.html

19. OMNH 01935: 
Humerus: 59 cm. (Measured in Chure, 1995, pg. 105, "N," Caudal)
Note: Mickey Mortimer in 2015 said that she got 54.5 cm for the humerus, but said she might have been wrong. From my size estimate, she wasn't off.

Update (12/9/19): OMNH 01935 Humerus ("A") (Cuesta et al., 2018) (Scale bar is 5 cm):
Note: Allosaurus fragilis humeri ("B" and "C") are both identical to OMNH's humerus. 

 Length: 51 cm. (Measured in Cuesta et al., 2018, "Discussion," Figure 16, "A," Anterior)
Still not too off from Mickey Mortimer's original measurement of 54.5 cm.

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen UUVP 3607: 
Humerus: 38.6 cm.
Body: 9.8 meters.

59 - 38.6 = 20.4.
20.4/38.6*100 = 52.9% increase.
9.8 m + 52.9% = 49 feet (15.0 meters).

51 - 38.6 = 12.4.
12.4/38.6*100 = 32.1% increase.
9.8 m + 32.1% = 43 feet (13.0 meters).

OMNH 01935's Total Length: 43 feet (13.0 meters).

Metatarsal 3 (Longest Metatarsal): 45 cm (at best). (Measured on 6/29/29 in Chure, 1995, Figure 2, I).

 USNM 4734:
Metatarsal 3 Length: 32.7 cm (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 75).
Body Length: 7.9 meters.

 32.7 - 45 = 12.3.
12.3/32.7*100 = 37.6% increase.
7.9 m + 37.6% = 36 feet (10.9 meters).

Links:
Chure (1995) (Figure 2, "I"):
Which Saurophaganax specimens are Allosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2019/12/is-saurophaganax-carcharodontosaurid_21.html
22. 90-CM Skull:
AMNH 666:
Skull: 88.5 cm.
Body: 11.5 meters.

 88.5 - 90 = 1.5
1.5/88.5*100 = 1.7% increase.
11.5 m + 1.7% = 38 feet (11.7 meters).

 Link:
Skull Store:
https://www.skullstore.ca/collections/dinosaur-fossils/products/allosaurus-dinosaur-skull-cast

Manus Claws:
23. 26-cm Manus Claw:
DINO 11541:
Manus Claw: 11 cm.
Length: 5.6 meters.

26 - 11 = 15.
15/11*100 = 136.4% increase.
5.6 m + 136.4% = 43 feet (13.2 meters).

Link:
The Prehistoric Store:
DINO 11541:
Phalange (Hand Claw):

24. 29.2-cm Claw:
26-cm Claw:
Length: 13.2 meters.

29.2 - 26 = 3.2.
3.2/26*100 = 12.3% increase.
13.2 m + 12.3% = 49 feet (14.8 meters).

Links:
Baystate Replicas 2:
http://www.baystatereplicas2.com/product/allosaurus-foot-claw/
Amazon:
https://www.amazon.com/Prehistoric-Planet-Store-Allosaurus-record/dp/B008UZE9AY
Store For Knowledge:
https://www.storeforknowledge.com/Allosaurus-Fragilis-Dinosaur-Claw-Record-Replica-115-P4439.aspx?gclid=CjwKCAjwxqX4BRBhEiwAYtJX7dZqMFhtvvA_eng7D8R24Gz8kX5oKkhnKaiibrkHPwz-bVBVp70h2xoC0B0QAvD_BwE
Prehistoric Planet Store:
http://www.prehistoricstore.com/item.php?item=157

25. 30.5-cm Claw:
29.2-cm Claw:
Length: 14.8 meters.

30.5 - 29.2 = 1.3.
1.3/29.2*100 = 4.5% increase.
14.8 m + 4.5% = 51 feet (15.5 meters).

Link:
Prehistoric Planet Store:
http://www.prehistoricstore.com/item.php?item=285

Allosaurus' Total Length: 
All Specimens: 26-44 feet (7.9-13.4 meters).

Neovenator:
Neovenator (Green) vs. Baryonyx:
BMNH R10001/MIWG 6348 (Holotype):
Femur (Weishampel et al., 2004, pg. 92, Cranial View) (First one) (Scale bar is 10 cm):
Length:
Straight side/Up to lower trochanter?: 92 cm. (Measured on 9/6/19)
Total Length (From femoral head to tip of longest point): 98 cm. (Measured on 9/8/19)

Allosaurus Specimen AMNH 680:
Femur: 1.008 meters.
Body: 9.4 meters.
98 - 100.8 = 2.8.
2.8/100.8*100 = 2.8% decrease.

9.4 m - 2.8% = 30 feet (9.1 meters).

Neovenator's Total Length: 30 feet (9.1 meters).

Link:
Weishampel et al., (2004) (pg. 92):
Picture:

Spinosaurus:
1. FSAC-KK 11888 (Spinosaurus Neotype):
(Taken from Ibrahim et al., 2014, "Supplementary Materials"):
Skull: 112.0 cm. (Pg. 30)
Femur: 61 cm. (Pg. 30 and 33)
Age: 17. (Pg. 14)

Suchomimus:
Skull: 119.0 cm. (Hendrickx et al., 2016)
Femur: 107.5 cm. (Sereno et al., 1998)
Length: 10 meters.

Femur:
61 - 107.5 = 46.5.
46.5/107.5*100 = 56.7% increase.
10 m - 56.7% = 14 feet (4.3 meters) for neotype at age 17.
Age 18: 15 feet (4.6 meters).

Skull:
119.0 -112.0 = 7.
7/119*100 = 5.9% decrease.
10 m - 5.9% = 31 feet (9.4 meters) at age 17.
Age 18: 32 feet (9.8 meters).

The body length I obtained from the skull seems a lot more appropriate. Spinosaurus had a short femur compared to other spinosaurs.

FSAC-KK 11888's Total Length: 31 feet (9.4 meters). 
Age: 17.
Age 18: 32 feet (9.8 meters)(?). (My estimate)

Update (6/29/29): Skull Length: 123 cm (Ibrahim et al., 2020, Supplementary Materials, Body dimensions, body mass, body segment masses, and whole body center of mass pg. 1)

Suchomimus:
Skull: 119.0 cm. (Hendrickx et al., 2016)
Length: 10 meters.

119 - 123 = 4.
4/119*100 = 3.4% increase.
10.0 m + 3.4% = 34 feet (10.3 meters).

FSAC-KK 11888's Total Length: 34 feet (10.3 meters). 
Age: 17.
Age 18: 35 feet (10.7 meters)(?). (My estimate)

Link:
Ibrahim et al., (2014) ("Supplementary Materials," pg. 14, 30, and 33):
Ibrahim et al., (2020) (Supplementary Materials, Body dimensions, body mass, body segment masses, and whole body center of mass pg. 1):
https://www.readcube.com/articles/supplement?doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2190-3&index=3

2. IPHG 1912 VIII 19 (Holotype):
Discovered by Ernst Stromer in 1915. According to his drawing, the animal was 30 feet long (9 meters):
Lakin and Longrich (2018) gave the same length (par. 3).

Mandible: 120 cm (Estimated). (Stromer, 1915, pg. 5)
Dentary: 60 cm (I think). (Stromer, 1915, pg. 5)

IPHG 1912 VIII 19's Dentary (Candiero et al., 2018, Figure 3, "A"):
-Length: 56 cm (Measured on 3/16/21, A).
-(?)Complete Length: 65 cm (Complete) (My estimate). (Measured on 3/29/20 in Candiero et al., 2018, Figure 3, "A").
-Dentary Tooth Row: 37 cm (Measured on 3/20/21, B).

Suchomimus:
Skull: 119.0 cm.
Dentary: 67.7 cm (at best). 
Length: 10 meters.

Mandible:
120.0 - 119.0 = 1.
1/119*100 = 0.8% increase.
10 m + 0.8% = 33 feet (10.1 meters)

Dentary:
67.7 - 65 = 2.7.
2.7/67.7*100 = 4% decrease.
10 m - 4% = 9.6 meters.

I think I'll go with the dentary length.

Update (10/26/20): Dorsal Vertebra "H" (6) Centrum Length: 19 (calculated) (Stromer, 1915, pg. 24 "Measurements of Vertebrae in cm").

FSAC-KK 11888 (Neotype):
Dorsal Vertebra 6 Centrum Length: 17 cm (Ibrahim et al., 2014, Supplementary Materials, pg. 32).
Length: 10.3 meters.

19 - 17 = 2.
2/17*100 = 11.8% increase.
10.3 m + 11.8% = 38 feet (11.5 meters).

Update (12/17/20): Thoracic vertebra "h" is before "f" (Stromer, 1934, pg. 9). "G" from Stromer (1915) (p. 24) would be dorsal/thoracic vertebra 6.

Vertebra "g" Centrum Length: 17 cm (Stromer, 1915, pg. 25 "Measurements of Vertebrae in cm").

FSAC-KK 11888 (Neotype):
Dorsal Vertebra 6 Centrum Length: 17 cm (Ibrahim et al., 2014, Supplementary Materials, pg. 32).
Length: 10.3 meters.

Holotype's Length (Based on Neotype): 34 feet (10.3 meters).

*Update (9/14/23):
Dentary tooth row:

46 - 37 = 9.
9/47*100 = 19.2% decrease.
10 m - 19.2% = 27 feet (8.1 m).

IPHG 1912 VIII 19's Total Length: 27 feet (8.1 meters).

Links:
Ernst Stromer (1915):
Pg. 24 (Translated to English):
http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Stromers-Egypt-expedition_Spinosaurus_Stromer_1915.pdf
Pg. 24 (Original [Article 3]):
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124817#page/126/mode/1up
Stromer (1934) (Pg. 9):

https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Abhandlungen-Akademie-Bayern_NF_22_0001-0079.pdf

Candiero et al., (2018) (Figure 3, "A"):
Lakin and Longrich (2018):
Reconstructed Spinosaurus Skull:
https://images.app.goo.gl/ztNTLg2QTxqxRUSeA
Los Angeles Times (2014):
https://www.latimes.com/81338834-132.html

3. MHNM.KK378:
Skull Length: 102.8-115.4 cm. (Hendrickx et al., 2016, Table 2)

I decided to try an obtain a length by using their quadrates.

MHNM.KK378:
Quadrate Height: 20.4 cm. (Hendrickx et al., 2016, Table 2)

FSAC-KK 11888:
Skull: 112.0 cm. (Ibrahim et al., 2014, pg. 30) (Hendrickx et al., 2016, pg. 27, Table 2)
Quadrate Height: 24 cm. (Hendrickx et al., 2016, pg. 27, Table 2)
Length: 9.4 meters.

24 - 22 = 2.
2/24*100 = 8.3% decrease.
112 cm + 8.3% = 102.7 cm.

I'm going with the 102.7-cm length. This is also an adult specimen.

FSAC-KK 11888:
Skull: 112.0 cm.
Length: 9.4 meters.

102.7-112 = 9.3.
9.3/112*100 = 8.3% decrease.
9.4 m - 8.3% = 28 feet (8.6 meters).

Update (6/29/20):
Quadrate:
24 - 22 = 2.
2/24*100 = 8.3% decrease.
123 cm - 8.3% = 112.8 cm.

Skull:
FSAC-KK 11888:
Skull: 123 cm.
Length: 10.3 meters.

112.8 -123 = 10.2.
10.2/123*100 = 8.3% decrease.
10.3 m - 8.3% = 31 feet (9.5 meters).

Suchomimus: 
Skull: 119.0 cm.
Length: 10 meters.

119 - 112.8 = 6.2.
6.2/119*100 = 5.2% decrease.
10 m - 5.2% = 31 feet (9.5 meters).

Link:

4. NHMUK VP R 16421:
Dentary (Ibrahim et al., 2020, Figure 125, "A") (Scale bar is 20 cm):
Length: 75.5 cm (at best) (Remeasured on 3/20/21).
Tooth Row Length (From tip of dentary to last alveoli): 69 cm.

Suchomimus:
Skull: 119.0 cm.
Dentary: 67.7 cm (at best). 
Dentary Tooth Row: 46 cm.
Length: 10 meters.

Dentary:
67.7 - 75.5 = 7.8.
7.8/67.7*100 = 11.5% increase.
10 m + 11.5% = 37 feet (11.2 meters).

Dentary Tooth Row:
46 - 69 = 23.
23/46*100 = 50% increase.
10 m + 50% = 49 feet (15.0 meters).

*MSNM V4047:
Dentary Tooth Row: 68 cm.
Body Length: 14.0 m.

68 - 69 = 1.
1/68*100 = 1.5% increase.
14.0 m + 1.5% = 47 feet (14.2 meters).

*Update (9/14/23):
IPHG 1912 VIII 19's Dentary:
Length: 56 cm.
Dentary Tooth Row: 37 cm.
Body Length: 27 feet (8.1 meters).

There's about 15-16 teeth in the holotype's dentary, just like NHMUK's.

37 - 69 = 32.
32/37*100 = 86.5% increase.
8.1 m + 86.5% = 50 feet (15.1 meters).

NHMUK VP R 16421's Total Length: 50 feet (15.1 meters).

Link:
Ibrahim et al., (2020):
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/47517/element/7/0/deltadromeus/

Update (4/24/20): All other spinosaurids noted below will be considered as Spinosaurus, based on Ibrahim et al., (2020) ("Taphonomy," "Spinosauridae") and Smyth et al., (2020).

Links:
Ibrahim et al., (2020) ("Taphonomy," "Spinosauridae"):
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/47517/element/7/0/deltadromeus/
Smyth et al., (2020):

5. MNHM SAM 124:
Rostrum:
1. 63 cm. (My measurement from Taquet and Russell, 1998, pg. 349, "C")
2. 86 cm (reconstructed). (My measurement from Dal Sasso et al., 2005, pg. 894)
3. **62.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 3/15/21 in Ibrahim et al., 2020(a), Figure 123)
Maxilla to Antorbital Fossa: 46 cm. (Measured on 4/26/20 in Dal Sasso et al., 2005, Figure 4, "A")
*Premaxilla to 7th aveoli: 21 cm. (Measured on 4/26/20 in Ibrahim et al., 2020, Figure 123, "D")
*Premaxilla to Maxilla: 26 cm (Measured on 3/15/21 in Ibrahim et al., 2020(a), Figure 123 D).
Premaxilla: 64 cm (reconstructed) (Measured on 3/15/21 in Dal Sasso et al., 2005, p. 894).
Rostum (Ibrahim et al., 2020(a), Figure 123):
Suchomimus: 
Skull: 119.0 cm.
Full Rostrum: 78 cm.
Maxilla to Antorbital Fossa: 39.5 cm. 
Premaxilla to 7th aveoli/tooth: 12 cm.
Premaxilla: 33 cm. 
Premaxilla to Maxilla: 12.5 cm.
Length: 10 meters.

Rostrum:
78 - 62.5 = 15.
15.5/78*100 = 19.9% decrease.
10 m - 19.9% = 26 feet (8.0 meters).

Premaxilla:
64 - 33 = 31.
31/33*100 = 93.4% increase.
10 m + 93.4% = 19.3 meters.

Maxilla to Antorbital Fossa:
39.5 - 46 = 6.5.
6.5/39.5*100 = 16.5% increase.
10 m + 16.5% = 38 feet (11.7 meters).

*Premaxilla to Maxilla:
MSNM V4047:
Premaxilla to Maxilla: 30 cm.
Body: 14.0 meters.

 26 - 30 = 4.
4/30*100 = 13.3% decrease.
14.0 m - 13.3% = 40 feet (12.1 meters).

It appears that the estimates i've obtained from Dal Sasso et al., (2005) aren't entirely accurate, so I'll go by what I've measured from Ibrahim et al., (2020)(a). The premaxilla to maxilla length seems alright.

MNHM SAM 124's Total Length: 40 feet (12.1 meters).

Links:
Taquet and Russell (1998):
Dal Sasso et al., (2005):
Sales and Schultz (2017):

6. MSNM V4047:
Size estimate: 12.5-18 meters. (Dal Sasso et al., 2005) (Therrien and Henderson, 2007) (Ibrahim et al., 2014) (Lakin and Longrich, 2018)(Henderson, 2018)

Rostrum Size: 101.0 cm. (My measurement from Dal Sasso et al., 2005, pg. 890 and 894) 
Premaxilla to Maxilla: 35 cm. (My Measurement in Dal Sasso et al., 2005) (My measurement in Hendrickx et al., 2016)
Maxilla to Antorbital Fossa: 66 cm (at best). (Measured on 4/26/20 in Dal Sasso et al., 2005, Figure 1, Drawing, 2nd One) (Measured in Ibrahim et al., 2020, Figure 129, "B")
Premaxilla up to 7th aveoli: 34 cm. (Measured on 4/26/20 in Dal Sasso et al., 2005, Figure 1, Drawing, 3rd one)

MSNM V4047 Rostrum (Dal Sasso et al., 2005, Figure 1). Scale bar is 20 cm:
Spinosaurus Specimen MNHM SAM 124:
Rostrum: 86 cm.
Maxilla to Antorbital Fossa: 46 cm.
Premaxilla to 7th aveoli: 21 cm.
Body: 11.7 meters. 

Rostrum:
101 - 86 = 15.
15/86*100 = 17.4% increase.
11.7 m + 17.4% = 45 feet (13.7 meters).

 *Maxilla to Antorbital Fossa:
66 - 46 = 20.
20/46*100 = 43.5% increase.
11.7 m + 43.5% = 55 feet (16.8 meters).

MSNM V4047's Total Length: 55 feet (16.8 meters).

*Update (3/14-16/21): Skull Reconstruction from Ibrahim et al., (2020)(a) Figure 129 (Scale bar is 40 cm):
Skull diagram (for reference) and reconstruction (Figure 129) (Scale bare is 40 cm):
Figure 129 Description:
Rostrum (Ibrahim et al., 2020(a), Figure 123) (Scale bar for A-D is 20 cm):
Rostrum Size: 99 cm (Measured on 3/15/21 in Ibrahim et a., 2020(a), Figure 123 A).
Premaxilla: 82 cm (at best) (Measured on 3/15/21 in Ibrahim et al., 2020(a), Figure 129 A).
Maxilla: 81 cm (at best) (Measured on 3/14/21 in Ibrahim et al., 2020(a), Figure 129 B).
Premaxilla to Maxilla: 30 cm (Measured on 3/15/21).
Dentary: 95 cm. (Figure 129, "B" [Below]) (Scaled up from new specimen).
Dentary Tooth Row: 68 cm (at best) (Measured on 3/20/21, Figure 129 B).

Suchomimus:
Maxilla: 59 cm.
Dentary: 67.7 cm.
Body: 10.0 meters.

Maxilla:
59 - 81 = 22.
22/59*100 = 37.3% increase.
10 m + 37.3% = 45 feet (13.7 meters).

Dentary:
95 - 67.7 = 27.3.
27.3/67.7*100 = 40.3% increase.
10 m + 40.3% = 46 feet (14.0 meters).

Update (9/14/23):
Premaxilla to Maxilla: 30 cm.

MNHM SAM 124:
Premaxilla to Maxilla: 26 cm.
Body: 12.1 meters.

26 - 30 = 4.
4/26*100 = 15.4% increase.
12.1 m + 15.4% = 46 feet (14.0 meters).

MSNM V4047's Total Length: 46 feet (14.0 meters).

MSNM V4047's Total Length: 46 feet (14.0 meters).

Links:
Lakin and Longrich (2018) (Pg. 136 and 139):
Arden et al., (2018):
Dal Sasso et al., (2005):
Hendrickx et al., (2016):
Therrien and Henderson. 2007: 
Ibrahim et al., (2014):
 ("Supplementary Materials"):

7. MHNM.KK376:
From Hendrickx et al., 2016 (Subadult or Adult).
Skull: 0.953-1.070 mm.
Quadrate Height: 20.4 cm.

Spinosaurus Neotype FSAC-KK 11888:
Skull: 112.0 cm. (Ibrahim et al., 2014, pg. 30) (Hendrickx et al., 2016, pg. 27, Table 2)
Quadrate Height: 24 cm. (Hendrickx et al., 2016, pg. 27, Table 2)
Length: 10.3 meters.

24 - 20.4 = 3.6.
3.6/24*100 = 15% decrease.
112 cm - 15% = 95.2 cm.

I'll go with the 95.2-cm skull estimate, just to be safe.

Baryonyx Holotype BMNH R9951:
Skull: 91 cm.
Body: 7.7 meters.

95.2 - 91 = 4.2.
4.2/91*100 = 4.6% increase.
7.7 m + 4.6% = 27 feet (8.1 meters).

MHNM.KK376's Total Length: 27 feet (8.1 meters).

 Update (6/29/20):
Quadrate:
24 - 20.4 = 3.6.
3.6/24*100 = 15% decrease.
123 cm - 15% = 104.6 cm.

Shull:
Suchomimus: 
Skull: 119.0 cm.
Length: 10 meters.

119 - 104.6 = 14.4.
14.4/119*100 = 12.1% decrease.
10 m - 12.1% = 29 feet (8.8 meters).

Link:

8. BSPG 2011 I 118:
Largest specimen from Evers et al., (2015).

Cervical Vertebra 5(?) Centrum Length: 21.2 cm. (Evers et al., 2015, Table 1)

FSAC-KK 11888:
Body: 10.3 meters.
Cervical Vertebrae 7 Centrum Length: 15.5 cm (Complete). (Ibrahim et al., 2015, Supplementary Materials, pg. 32)
Note: There is no C5 for the neotype. C7 is the largest cervical vertebrae given.
Length: 10.3 meters.

21.2 - 15.5 = 5.7.
5.7/15.5*100 = 36.8% increase.
10.3 m + 36.8% = 46 feet (14.1 meters).

9. MN 6117-V:
Note: Oxalaia is Spinosaurus (Smyth et al., 2020).
Body Length Estimate: 39-46 feet (12-14 meters). (Kellner et al., 2010, pg. 100)

Skull Length (Estimated): 1.350 meters. (Kellner et al., 2010, pg. 100)
Premaxilla:
-Has 7th aveoli. (Kellner et al., 2010, pg. 100 and 102, "B")
-20.1 cm. (Pg. 100)
-*My Measurement: 20.6 cm. (Measured on 4/26/20 on pg. 101, Figure 1, "B")

Suchomimus:
Skull: 119.0 cm.
Premaxilla to 7th aveoli/tooth: 12 cm. 
Length: 10 meters.

Skull:
119.0 - 135.0 = 11.
11/119*100 = 9.2% increase.
10 m + 9.2% = 36 feet (10.9 meters).

Premaxilla up to 7th aveoli:
20.6 - 12 = 8.6.
8.6/12*100 = 71.7% increase.
10.0 meters + 71.7% = 56 feet (17.2 meters).

Spinosaurus Specimen MSNM V4047:
Premaxilla up to 7th aveoli: 34 cm.
Body: 16.8 meters.

 34 - 20.6 = 13.4.
13.4/34*100 = 39.4% decrease.
16.8 m - 39.4% = 10.2 meters.

 *Spinosaurus Specimen MNHM SAM 124:
Rostrum: 86 cm.
Maxilla to Antorbital Fossa: 46 cm.
Premaxilla to 7th aveoli: 21 cm.
Body: 12.1 meters.

20.6 - 21 = 0.4.
0.4/20.6*100 = 1.9% decrease.
12.1 m - 1.9% = 39 feet (11.9 meters).

I think 11.9 meters is more accurate.

Links:
Kellner et al., (2010):

10. 1922 X 45 ("Spinosaurus B"):
Tibia: 60 cm (2nd one) (Stromer, 1934, pg. 16).

The Irritator specimen LPP-PV-0046 had a tibia that was also 60 cm long (Aureliano et al., 2018, pg. 8 "Results": "Morphological description"), and it was 31 feet (9.3 meters) long.

"Spinosaurus B's" Total Length (Based on Irritator specimen): 31 feet (9.3 meters).

Links:
Stromer (1934) (Pg. 16):

https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Abhandlungen-Akademie-Bayern_NF_22_0001-0079.pdf

Aureliano et al., (2018) (Pg. 8 and 12):

Spinosaurus' Total Length: 29-50 feet (8.8-15.1 meters).

Baryonyx:
BMNH R9951 (Holotype):
Size estimate: 10 meters. (Charig and Miller, 1997, pg. 11)

Skull:
910-950 mm (Hendrickx et al., 2016).
91.5 cm. (Urzeitshop)
91 cm. (Therrien and Henderson, 2007, pg. 111)

I'll go with the 91-cm length.

Spinosaurus Neotype FSAC-KK 11888:
Skull: 112 cm.
Body: 9.4 meters.

112 - 91 = 21.
21/112*100 = 18.8% decrease.
9.4 m - 18.8% = 25 feet (7.6 meters).

The holotype was a juvenile too (Charig and Miller, 1997, pg. 11) (Hendrickx et al., 2016, Table 2), so 16 years at best(?).

Age 18: 27 feet (8.2 meters)(?).

Baryonyx's Total Length: 25 feet (7.6 meters).
Age: 16(?). (My estimate)
Age 18: 27 feet (8.2 meters)(?). (My estimate)

Links:
Charig and Miller (1997):
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36949178#page/201/mode/1up
Hendrickx et al., (2016) (Table 2; "Size"):
Urzeitshop:
https://www.urzeitshop.de/gb/skulls/3053-baryonyx-walkeri-dinosaur-skull-replica-by-eofauna.html
Therrien and Henderson (2007) (pg. 111): 
Additional Info:
https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/how-did-baryonyx-change-what-we-knew-about-spinosaurs.html
Skeleton Picture:
https://www.rmdrc.com/darwin-and-dinosaurs/baryonyx-pic/

Utahraptor: 
1. BYU 15465:
Femur: 60.0 cm (Erickson et al., 2009).

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen USNM 4734:
Femur: 85 cm.
Body: 7.9 meters.

85 - 60 = 25.
25/85*100 = 29.4% decrease.
7.9 m - 29.4% decrease = 18 feet (5.6 meters).

2. Unnamed Specimen with a 56.5-cm Femur (Turner et al., 2013, pg. 66):

BYU 15465:
Femur: 60 cm.
Body: 5.6 meters.

60 - 56.5 = 3.5.
3.5/60*100 = 5.8% decrease.
5.6 m 7 5.8% = 17 feet (5.3 meters).

3. CEU 184.86 (Holotype):
Pedal Ungual 2: 24 cm (Completed).

This specimen would be the same size as Dakotaraptor specimen PBMNH.P.10.113.T.

CEU 184.86's Total Length: 17 feet (5.2 meters).

 Link:
Kirkland et al., (1993) (Pg. 10):

Utahraptor's Total Length: 17-18 feet (5.2-5.6 meters).

Links:
Utahraptor:
Picture:
Used:
2nd Picture:
CEU 184v.86 and CEU 184v.260:
Kirkland et al., (1993):
BYU 15465:
Erickson et al., (2009):
Turner et al., (2013) (pg. 66):
Mickey Mortimer Theropod Database Blog:
Dakotaraptor:
DePalma et al., (2015) (Pg. 10 for pedal ungual II. Pg 3 for size):

Dakotaraptor:
Estimated Body Length: 5.5 meters. (DePalma et al., 2015, pg. 3)

1.  PBMNH.P.10.113.T (Holotype):
Femur: 55.8 cm. (DePalma et al., 2015, pg. 7)
Tibia: 67.3 cm. (DePalma et al., 2015, pg. 8)
Pedal ungual II: 24 cm (Outside/dorsal curve). (DePalma et al., 2015, pg. 10)

Utahraptor specimen with a 56.5-cm long femur: 
Femur: 56.5 cm.
Body: 17 feet (5.3 meters).

55.8 - 56.5 = 0.7.
0.7/56.5*100 = 1.2% decrease.
5.3 m - 1.2% = 17 feet (5.2 meters).

Links:
DePalma et al., (2015):
Skeleton Picture:

2. PBMNH.P.10.115.T:
Tibia: 48.5 cm. (DePalma et al., 2015, pg. 8)

PBMNH.P.10.113.T (Holotype): 
Tibia: 67.3 cm.
Body: 5.2 meters.

67.3 - 48.5 = 18.8.
18.8/67.3*100 = 27.9% decrease.
5.2 m - 27.9% = 13 feet (3.8 meters).

Link:
DePalma et al., (2015):

Dakotaraptor's Total Length: 13-17 feet (3.8-5.2 meters).

Deinonychus:
MCZ 4371 (Largest specimen):
Femur: 33.6 cm (Gianechini and Apesteguia, 2011).

Dakotaraptor Holotype PBMNH.P.10.113.T:
Femur: 55.8 cm.
Body: 5.2 meters.

55.8 - 33.6 = 22.2.
22.2/55.8*100 = 39.8% decrease.
5.2 m - 39.8% = 10 feet (3.1 meters).

Deinonychus' Total Length: 10 feet (3.1 meters).

Links:
Femur:
Gianechini and Apesteguia (2011).
Paper:
Gianechini and Apesteguia (2011):

Austroraptor:
MML-195:
Femur: 56.0 cm. (Gianechini and Apesteguia, 2011)

Utahraptor specimen with a 56.5-cm long femur: 
Femur: 56.5 cm.
Body: 17 feet (5.3 meters).

56.5 - 56 = 0.5.
0.5/56.5*100 = 0.9% decrease.
5.3 m - 0.9% = 17 feet (5.3 meters).

Austroraptor's Total Length: 17 feet (5.3 meters).

Austroraptor's Stats:
Skull: 80 cm.
Femur: 56.0 cm.

Femur:
Gianechini and Apesteguia (2011).
Paper:
Gianechini and Apesteguia (2011):
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652011000100009

Achillobator:
Femur: 50.5 cm. (Theropod Database)

Dakotaraptor specimen PBMNH.P.10.113.T's (Holotype):
Femur: 55.8 cm.
Length: 17 feet (5.2 meters).

50.5 - 55.8 = 5.3.
5.3/55.8*100 = 9.5% decrease.
5.2 m - 9.5% = 15 feet (4.7 meters).

Achillobator's Total Length: 15 feet (4.7 meters).

Link:
Theropod Database:

Carnotaurus:
My 2nd-favorite dinosaur, and my favorite abelisaurid.

Left Femur: 103.0 cm. (Bonaparte et al., 1990, pg. 31) (O'Gorman and Hone, 2012)
Skull (Complete): 66 cm. (Measured on 3/20/20 in Bonaparte et al., 1990, pg. 4, Figure 2)

Allosaurus fragilis specimen NMMNH P-26083 had a 103-cm long femur and was 32 feet (9.6 meters) long, so I'll give Carnotaurus the same length.

Carnotaurus' Total Length: 32 feet (9.6 meters).

Links:
Bonaparte et al., (1990) (Pg. 31, pg. 4 Figure 2):
O'Gorman and Hone (2012):

Ekrixinatosaurus:
Femur: 77 cm. (Calvo et al., 2004, pg. 559)

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen USNM 4734:
Femur: 85 cm.
Body: 7.9 meters.

85 - 77 = 8.
8/85*100 = 9.4% decrease.
7.9 m - 9.4% = 24 feet (7.2 meters).

Ekrixinatosaurus' Total Length: 24 feet (7.2 meters).

Link:
Calvo et al., (2004):

 Pycnonemosaurus:
Pycnonemosaurus is said to be the largest abelisaurid (Grillo and Delcourt, 2017), based on its tibia. However, the tibia of Carnotaurus, while skinnier than Pycnonemosaurus, appears to have a longer than Pycnonemosaurus. Bonaparte et al., (1990) gave an estimated tibia length of about 97 cm (pg. 31). Pycnonemosaurus' tibia is said to have been 84.5 (Kellner and Campos, 2002) to 87.0 cm (Grillo and Delcourt, 2017) (FAPESP, 2017). (The tibia is already 83 cm, as seen in Grillo and Delcourt, 2017, pg. 72, but Kellner and Campos said that the bone is incomplete on pg. 166) Therefore, Carnotaurus is taller and longer than Pycnonemosaurus.

However, while Carnotaurus seems to be longer, Pycnonemosaurus seems to be heavier. Grillo and Delcourt (2017) gave Pycnonemosaurus a length of 8.7 meters. However, I'm going to measure its tibia against Carnotaurus'.

Pycnonemosaurus' Tibia:
1. 84.5 cm. (Kellner and Campos, 2002, pg. 166)
2. 87 cm. (Grillo and Delcourt, 2017, pg. 72) (FAPESP, 2017)
Note: Looks actually like 83 cm based on a chart on pg. 72.

Update (9/8/19): Tibia is 83 cm. (Measured in Grillo and Delcourt, 2017, pg. 72 and *Kellner and Campos, 2002, pg. 167)

Carnotaurus: 
Tibia: 97 cm (Estimated). (Bonaparte et al., 1990)
Length: 9.6 meters.

97 - 83 = 14.
14/97*100 = 14.4% decrease.
9.6 m - 14.4% = 27 feet (8.2 meters).

Not too far off from the original 8.7-meter estimate, surprisingly. I will say that the tibia is wide compared to Carnotaurus (Grillo and Delcourt, 2017, pg. 72), so Pycnonemosaurus must have been heavier.

Pycnonemosaurus' Total Length: 27 feet (8.2 meters).

Links:
Kellner and Campos (2002):
Grillo and Delcourt (2017):
FAPESP (2017):
Ceratosaurus:
C. nasicornis:
1. USNM 4735 (Holotype):
Femur Length: 62.0 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 110) (Theropod Database)
Tibia: 55.5 cm. (Theropod Database) (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 110)
Fibula: 50.2 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 110)
Skull: 62 cm (Measured on the side). (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 88)

Utahraptor Specimen BYU 15465:
Femur: 60.0 cm.
Length: 5.6 meters.

62 - 60 = 2.
2/60*100 = 3.3% increase.
5.6 m + 3.3% = 19 feet (5.8 meters).

USNM 4735's Total Length: 19 feet (5.8 meters).

Link:
Picture:
Gilmore (1920):
2. BYUVP 12893:
Skull: 81.0 cm. (Theropod Database)

USNM 4735 (Holotype):
Skull: 62 cm.
Length: 5.8 meters.

81 - 62 = 19.
19/62*100 = 30.7% increase.
5.8 m + 30.7% = 25 feet (7.6 meters).

Link:
Theropod Database:

3. 40-Inches Skull (101.6 cm):

BYUVP 12893:
Skull: 81.0 cm.
Length: 25 feet (7.6 meters).

101.6 - 81 = 20.6.
20.6/81*100 = 25.4% increase.
7.6 m + 25.4% = 31 feet (9.5 meters).

Links:
Skull Store: 
https://www.skullstore.ca/collections/dinosaur-fossils/products/ceratosaurus-dinosaur-skull-cast
Etsy: 
https://www.etsy.com/listing/682899888/ceratosaurus-nasicornis-adult-skull
Wyoming Dinosaur Ranch: 
https://wyomingdinosaurranch.com/products/ceratosaurus-nasicornis-adult-skull-replica

C. nasicornis' Total Length: 19-31 feet (5.8-9.5 meters).

C. magnicornis:
MWC 1 (Holotype):
Tibia: 52.0 cm. (Madsen and Welles, 2000, pg. 20, "Tibia") (Theropod Database)

C. nasicornis Specimen USNM 4735 (Holotype):
Tibia: 55.5 cm.
Length: 5.8 meters.

52 - 55.5 = 3.5.
3.5/55.5*100 = 6.3% decrease.
5.8 m - 6.3% = 18 feet (5.4 meters).


C. dentisulcatus:
UMNH 5278/UMNH 6329 (Holotype):
Femur: 75.9 cm. (Madsen and Welles, 2000, pg. 33, "Femur") (Theropod Database)

C. nasicornis Specimen USNM 4735 (Holotype):
Femur Length: 62.0 cm.
Length: 5.8 meters.

75.9 - 62.0 = 13.9.
13.9/62*100 = 22.4% increase.
5.8 m + 22.4% = 23 feet (7.1 meters).


C. sp (Antunes and Mateus, 2003):
ML 352:
Right Femur: 61 cm. (Measured in Antunes and Mateus, 2003, pg. 81, "A") (First one) 

C. nasicornis Specimen USNM 4735 (Holotype):
Femur Length: 62.0 cm.
Length: 5.8 meters.

61 - 62 = 1.
1/62*100 = 1.6% decrease.
5.8 m - 1.6% = 19 feet (5.9 meters).

Link:
Antunes and Mateus (2003) (Pg. 81):
Ceratosaurus' Total Length: 18-31 feet (5.4-9.5 meters).

Herrerasaurus:
Length Estimate: 3-6 meters. (Sereno and Novas, 1994, pg. 1138)

1. PVSJ 373 (Martinez et al., 2011):
Skull: 28.2 cm.
Femur: 34.5 cm.

Deinonychus Specimen MCZ 4371 (Largest Specimen):
Femur: 33.6 cm.
Body: 3.1 meters.

34.5 - 33.6 = 0.9.
0.9/33.6*100 = 2.7% increase.
3.1 m + 2.7% = 11 feet (3.2 meters).

2. PVSJ 407:
Skull: 31 cm. (Measured in Sereno and Novas, 1992, "A," right lateral)

PVSJ 373:
Skull: 28.2 cm.
Body: 3.2 meters.

28.2 - 31 = 2.8.
2.8/28.2*100 = 9.9% increase.
3.1 m + 9.9% = 11 feet (3.4 meters).

Herrerasaurus' Total Length: 11 feet (3.1-3.4 meters).

Link:
Sereno and Novas (1992):
Martinez et al., (2011):
Sereno and Novas (1994) (pg. 1138):
3-4 meters long:

Coelophysis:
C. bauri femurs (Spielmann et al., 2007, pg. 401):
1. UCMP 129618 (Left): 24.5 cm. (Complete)

Deinonychus:
Femur: 33.6 cm.
Body: 3.1 meters.

33.6 - 24.5 = 9.1.
9.1/33.6*100 = 27.1% decrease.
3.1 m - 27.1% = 8 feet (2.3 meters).

UCMP 129618's Total Length: 8 feet (2.3 meters).

2. UCMP 129618:
Femur (Right): 24.5 cm (Complete). (235 mm + 10 mm = 24.5 mm)

UCMP 129618's Total Length: 8 feet (2.3 meters). (Based on UCMP 129618)

3. NMMNH P-29046:
Femur (Left): 15.55 cm. (Complete)

UCMP 129618:
Femur (Left): 24.5 cm. (Complete)
Body: 8 feet (2.3 meters).

15.55 - 24.5 = 8.95.
8.95/24.5*100 = 36.5% decrease.
2.3 m - 36.5% = 5 feet (1.5 meters).

NMMNH P-29046's Total Length: 5 feet (1.5 meters).

C. bauri's Total Length: 5-8 feet (1.5-2.3 meters).

C. kayentakatae:
Syntarsus is now known as Coelophysis, and lived during the early Jurassic of North America and Africa. Now we know that Coelophysis lived longer than previously thought, from the late Triassic-early Jurassic.

MNA V2623 (Type Specimen) Skull: 23 cm. (Rowe, 1989, pg. 127)

Herrerasaurus specimen PVSJ 407:
Skull: 31 cm. 
Length: 11 feet (3.4 meters).

31 - 23 = 8.
8/31*100 = 25.8% decrease.
3.4 m - 25.8% = 8 feet (2.5 meters).

MNA V2623's Total Length: 8 feet (2.5 meters).

Coelophysis' Total Length: 5-8 feet (1.5-2.5 meters).

Links:
Spielmann et al., (2007):
Coelophysis (originally "Syntarus") in Africa + Jurassic:
Spielmann et al., (2007)(pg. 385):
Rowe (1989):
Link 3:

Eodromaeus:
The first carnivorous/theropod dinosaur to have evolved.

PVSJ 562 (Holotype):
Femur: 16.0 cm. (Martinez et al., 2011)

Ceolophysis bauri Specimen NMMNH P-29046:
Femur: 15.55 cm. (Complete)
Body: 1.5 meters.

15.55 - 16.0 = 0.45.
0.45/15.55*100 = 2.9% increase.
1.5 m + 2.9% = 5 feet (1.5 meters).

Eodromaeus' Total Length: 5 feet (1.5 meters).

Link:
Martinez et al., (2011):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49753908_A_Basal_Dinosaur_from_the_Dawn_of_the_Dinosaur_Era_in_Southwestern_Pangaea
Garcia et al., (2019):
Picture:
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/eodromaeus-adds-context-to-dinosaur-origins-91973732/

Albertosaurus:
1. RTMP 1994.186.0001 (Largest Specimen in Bell et al., 2017):
Femur: 102.0 cm. (Bell et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials)

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen NMMNH P-26083:
Femur: 103 cm.
Body: 9.6 meters.

 103 - 102 = 1.
1/103*100 = 1% decrease.
9.6 m - 1% = 31 feet (9.5 meters).

 2. TMP.1986.205.0001:
Femur: 103.5 cm. (Peecook and Sidor, 2015, Table 1)

RTMP 1994.186.0001:
Femur: 102.0 cm.
Body: 31 feet (9.5 meters).

103.5 - 102 = 1.5.
1.5/102*100 = 1.5% increase.
9.5 m + 1.5% = 32 feet (9.6 meters).

Albertosaurus' Total Length: 31-32 feet (9.5-9.6 meters).

Links:
Bell et al., (2017) (Supplementary Materials):

Tarbosaurus/Tyrannosaurus bataar:
1. PIN 555-1 (T. bataar Holotype) (Maleev, 1955) (Hurum and Sabeth, 2003):
Femur: 100.0 cm. (Maleev, 1955, pg. 3)

Allosaurus Specimen AMNH 680:
Femur: 1.008 meters.
Body: 9.4 meters.

100.8 - 100 = 0.8.
0.8/100.8*100 = 0.8% decrease.
9.4 m - 0.8% = 31 feet (9.3 meters).

PIN 555-1's Total Length: 31 feet (9.3 meters).

2. RTMP 2009.141.0002:
Femur: 108.7 cm. (Bell et al., 2017) (Supplementary Material):

Suchomimus:
Femur: 107.5 cm. 
Length: 10 meters.

108.7 - 107.5 = 1.2.
1.2/107.5*100 = 1.1% increase.
10 m + 1.1% = 33 feet (10.1 meters).

RTMP 2009.141.0002's Total Length: 33 feet (10.1 meters).

3. ZPAL MgD-I/4:
Maxilla: 74.6 cm (at best). (Measured in Hurum and Sabath, 2003, pg. 168, "A," Lateral View)

T.rex specimen "Stan": 
Maxilla: 76 cm. 
Body: 12.2 meters. 

74.6 - 76 = 1.4.
1.4/76*100 = 1.8% decrease.
12.2 m - 1.8% = 39 feet (12.0 meters).

ZPAL MgD-I/4's Total Length: 39 feet (12.0 meters).

Tarbosaurus' Total Length: 31-39 feet (9.3-12.0 meters).

Link:
Bell et al., (2017) (Supplementary Materials):
Brusatte et al., (2010):
Maleev (1955):
Hurum and Sabath (2003):

Zhuchengtyrannus:
ZCDM V0031 (Holotype:
Maxilla:
Length: 64 cm. (Measured on 9/11/19 in Hone et al., 2011)

Left Dentary:
Length: 79 cm. (Measured on 9/11/19 in Hone et al., 2011, "A")

Tarbosaurus Specimen ZPAL MgD-I/4:
Maxilla: 74.6 cm.
Length: 12.0 meters.

74.6 - 64 = 10.6.
10.6/74.6*100 = 14.2% decrease.
12.0 m - 14.2% = 34 feet (10.3 meters).

Zhuchengtyrannus's Total Size: 34 feet (10.3 meters).

Links:
Hone et al., (2011):
Link 1:
Link 2:
Hone (2011):

Torvosaurus:
T. gurneyi:
Maxilla: 63 cm. (Measured on 11/27/19 in Hendrickx and Mateus, 2014, "A," Lateral)

Zhuchengtyrannus: 
Maxilla: 64 cm.
Length: 10.3 meters.

64 - 63 = 1.
1/64*100 = 1.6% decrease.
10.3 m - 1.6% = 33 feet (10.1 meters).

T. tanneri:
BYU 2002 (Holotype):
Humerus: 42 cm. (Measured on 11/27/19 in Galton and Jenson, 1979, pg. 2, "A," Lateral) (Galton and Jenson, 1979, gave 42.5 cm)

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen UUVP 3607:
Humerus: 38.6 cm.
Body: 32 feet (9.8 meters).

38.6 - 42 = 3.4.
3.4/38.6*100 = 8.8% increase.
9.8 m + 8.8% = 35 feet (10.7 meters).

Torvosaurus' Total Length: 33-35 feet (10.1-10.7 meters).

Link:
Hendrickx and Mateus (2014):
Picture:

Bahariasaurus:
IPHG 1922 X 47 (Syntype):
Pubes: 103.0 cm (Theropod Database).

Giganotosaurus Holotype MUCPv-Ch 1: 
Pubes: 111.0 cm. (Theropod Database)
Body: 12.4 meters.

111.0 - 103.0 = 8.
8/111*100 = 7.2% decrease.
12.4 m - 7.2% = 38 feet (11.5 meters).

Bahariasaurus' Total Length: 38 feet (11.5 meters).

Links:
Bahariasaurus:
Theropod Database:
Giganotosaurus:
Theropod Database:

Eotyrannus:
Humerus: 22.0 cm. (Originally 235 mm, but it is 10-15 mm longer due to breaking. I went with 15 mm shorter, just to be safe) (Hutt et al., 2001, pg. 233)

Herrerasaurus Specimen PVSJ 373:
Humerus: 17.5 cm. (Martinez et al., 2011)
Length: 3.2 meters.

22 - 17.5 = 4.5.
4.5/17.5*100 = 25.7% increase.
3.2 m + 25.7% = 13 feet (4.0 meters).

Eotyrannus' Total Length: 13 feet (4.0 meters).

Links:
Hutt et al., (2001):
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/242e/6d5f962a143900f3c8d2ff5eb20d6fe7482b.pdf%20http://www.dinowight.org.uk/eotyrannus.html

Irritator (and Angaturama):
Irritator Specimen:
Rostrum Length: 43 cm. (Measured in Dal Sasso et al., 2005, including middle of crest)
Mazilla to Antorbital Fossa: 27 cm. (Measured on 5/9/20 in Dal Sasso et al., 2005, Figure 4).

Suchomimus: 
Skull: 119.0 cm.
Maxilla to Antorbital Fossa: 39.5 cm. 
Length: 10 meters.

27 - 39.5 = 12.5.
12.5/39.5*100 = 31.7% decrease.
10 m - 31.7% = 22 feet (6.8 meters).


Irritator's Total Length: 22 feet (6.8 meters).

Angaturama specimen:
Despite being larger than Irritator, both specimens lived during the Albian and were found in the same area (Sales and Schultz, 2017).

Rostrum Length: 69 cm. (Measured in Sales and Schultz, 2017, Figure 11, "B," including middle of crest)
Total(?) Skull Length: 87 cm (at best) (Up to first scale, as followed by "A"). (Measured on 5/9/20 in Sales and Schultz, 2017, Figure 11, "B").

Spinosaurus Neotype FSAC-KK 11888:
Skull: 112 cm.
Body: 9.4 meters.

87 - 112 = 25.
25/112*100 = 22.3% decrease.

Angaturama's Total Length: 24 feet (7.3 meters).

Since Sales and Schultz (2017) says that the specimens of each genera do seem to overlap due to: coming from the same stratigraphic unit (pg. 2-3), having a dorsal sagittal crest (pg. 18), and a tooth Lm3 (pg. 19). If these two genera are the same, then Angaturama would be Irritator (pg. 19). The authors conclude that the two specimens might have belonged to two different individuals, and that more overlapping material is needed (pg. 21). I will keep that in mind, but I think there is enough evidence to place Angaturama as Irritator for now, at least until more papers are published.

Dal Sasso et al., (2005) also combined the two genera into the same genus (pg. 894, Figure 3).

LPP-PV-0046 (Spinosaurid):
A tibia of a spinosaur from the same formation that Irritator (and "Angaturama") were discovered in. Aureliano et al., (2018) places it as an indeterminate spinosaur (pg. 7), but I will place the tibia as Irritator for now.

Tibia: 60 cm (Aureliano et al., 2018, pg. 8 "Results": "Morphological description").

Spinosaurus Neotype FSAC-KK 11888:
Length: 34 feet (10.3 meters).
Tibia: 66.8 cm (Ibrahim et al., 2014, "Supplementary Materials" pg. 33).

66.8 - 60 = 6.8.
6.8/66.8*100 = 10.2% decrease.
10.3 m - 10.2% = 31 feet (9.3 meters).

LPP-PV-0046's (Spinosaurid) Total Length: 31 feet (9.3 meters).

Links:
Aureliano et al., (2018) (Pg. 8 and 12):

Irritator's Total Length: 22-31 feet (6.8-9.3 meters).

Gnathovorax:
A new carnivorous Triassic theropod  discovered in Brazil that is a member of the herrerasaurids.

Skull (Complete): 28.5 cm (At best). (Measured in Pacheco et al., 2019, Figure 2, "A," Right Lateral)

Herrerasaurus specimen PVSJ 407:
Skull: 31 cm. 
Body: 3.4 meters.

31 - 28.5 = 2.5.
2.5/31*100 = 8.1% decrease.
3.4 m - 8.1% = 10 feet (3.1 meters).

Gnathovorax's Total Length: 10 feet (3.1 meters).

Links:
Pacheco et al., (2019):
Garcia et al., (2019):
Picture:

OLPH 025 (Large Abelisaurid):
This large abelisaurid came from the Cenomanian of Africa (Chiarenza and Cau, 2016).

Femur (Estimated): 92.4 cm. (Chiarenza and Cau, 2016, "Body size estimation of OLPH 025")

Ekrixinatosaurus:
Femur: 77 cm. 
Body: 7.2 meters.

92.4 - 77 = 15.4.
15.4/77*100 = 20% increase.
7.2 m + 20% = 28 feet (8.6 meters).

Link:
Chiarenza and Cau (2016) ("Body size estimation of OLPH 025"):
Photo:
Eric de Lazaro (2016):

Daspletosaurus:
D. torosus:
1. TMP. 2001.036.0001:
Femur: 98.7 cm. (Peecook and Sidor, 2015, Table 1)

Abelisaurid OLPH 025:
Femur: 92.4 cm.
Body: 8.6 meters.

98.7 - 92.4 = 6.3.
6.3/92.4*100 = 6.8% increase.
8.6 m + 6.8% = 30 feet (9.2 meters).

2. AMNH 5438:
Femur: 100 cm. (Dale A. Russell, 1970, pg. 27)
Ilium: 109.6 cm. (Russell, 1970, pg. 27)

TMP. 2001.036.0001:
Femur: 98.7 cm. 
Body: 30 feet (9.2 meters).

 100 - 98.7 = 1.3.
1.3/98.7*100 = 1.3% increase.
9.2 m + 1.3% = 31 feet (9.3 meters). 

 3. NMC 8506 (Holotype):
Ilium: 110.4 cm. (Russell, 1970, pg. 25)

 T.rex Specimen CM 9380 (Holotype):
Ilium: 151.5 cm. (Osborn, 1906. pg. 291)
Length: 12.9 meters.

 151.5 - 110.4 = 41.1.
41.1/151.5*100 = 27.1% decrease.
12.9 m - 27.1% = 31 feet (9.4 meters).
AMNH 5438:
Ilium: 109.6 cm.
Body: 31 feet (9.3 meters).

109.6 - 110.4 = 0.8.
0.8/109.6*100 = 0.7%
9.3 m + 0.7% = 31 feet (9.4 meters).

Daspletosaurus torosus' Total Length: 30-31 feet (9.2-9.4 meters).

D. horneri:
1. MOR 590 (Holotype):
Maxilla: 54.6 cm. (Measured on 1/15/20 in Carr et al., 2017, Figure 1, "A")

Torvosaurus gurneyi: 
Maxilla: 63 cm. 
Body: 33 feet (10.1 meters).

54.6 - 63 = 8.4.
8.4/63*100 = 13.3% decrease.
10.1 m - 13.3% = 29 feet (8.8 meters).

2. MOR 1130 (Paratype):
Maxilla: 47.6 cm. (Measured on 1/15/20 in Carr et al., 2017, Figure 3)

MOR 590 (Holotype):
Maxilla: 54.6 cm.
Body: 8.8 meters.

47.6 - 54.6 = 7.
7/54.6*100 = 12.8% decrease.
8.8 m - 12.8% = 25 feet (7.7 meters).

Daspletosaurus horneri's Total Length: 25-29 feet (7.7-8.8 meters).

Daspletosaurus' Total Length: 25-31 feet (7.7-9.4 meters).

Links:
D. torosus:
Peecook and Sidor (2015) (Table 1):
Dale A. Russell (1970) (Pg. 25 and 27): 
D. horneri:
Carr et al., (2017):

Gorgosaurus:
TMP. 1994.012.0602:
Femur: 91.5 cm. (Peecook and Sidor, 2015, Table 1)

Abelisaurid OLPH 025:
Femur: 92.4 cm.
Body: 8.6 meters.

92.4 - 91.5 = 0.9.
0.9/92.4*100 = 1% decrease.
8.6 m - 1% = 28 feet (8.5 meters).

Holotype:
Femur: 104 cm (Lambe, 1917, p. 68).

Albertosaurus specimen TMP.1986.205.0001:
Femur: 103.5 cm. 
Body length: 32 feet (9.6 meters).

104 - 103.5 = 0.5.
0.5/103.5*100 = 0.5% increase.
9.6 m + 0.5% = 32 feet (9.7 meters).

Gorgosaurus' Total Length: 28-32 feet (8.5-9.7 meters meters).

Link:
Peecook and Sidor (2015) (Table 1):

Dryptosaurus:
D. aquilunguis:
1. ANSP 9995 (Holotype):
Femur (Brusatte et al., 2011, p. 27 Figure 15, A). Scale bar (first one) is 10 cm:
-78.1 or 80 cm (Brusatte et al., 2011, p. 20 Table 2; p. 47 Table 3)
-My measurement: 81 cm (Measured on 5/7/22 in Brusatte et al., 2011, p. 27 Figure 15, A).
-Estimated full length: 35.5 inches (90.2 cm) (Cope 1869, p. 104).

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen USNM 4734:
Femur: 85 cm. 
Body: 26 feet (7.9 meters).

78.1 cm:
85 - 78.1 = 6.9.
6.9/85*100 = 8.1% decrease.
7.9 m - 8.1% = 24 feet (7.3 meters).

81 cm:
85 - 81 = 4.
4/85*100 = 4.9% decrease.
7.9 m - 4.9% = 25 feet (7.5 meters).

90.2 cm:
90.2 - 85 = 5.2.
5.2/85*100 = 6.1% increase.
7.9 m + 6.1% = 28 feet (8.4 meters).

ANSP 9995's total length: 28 feet (8.4 meters).

Holotype's stats:
Humerus (p. 19 Figure 11 C): 30.5 cm (at best).
Manual phalanx 1-1 (p. 22 Figure 12, A): 16 cm (at best/most) (Also noted on pp. 20 Table 1 and 47 Table 3) (Note: Incomplete near distal end. Check Table 1).
Femur: 90.2 cm (Cope 1869, p. 104).
Tibia (p. 31 Figure 18 A): 81 cm (at best).
Fibula (p. 34 Figure 19 D): 46.5 cm (at best) (Incomplete; see p. 20) (Carpenter et al., 1997, p. 568).


Nanotyrannus/Dryptosaurus lancensis:
2. BMRP 2006.4.4 ("Petey"):
Femur (Woodland et al., 2020, Supplementary Information, p. 9 Figure S2 C):
-77.4 cm (Woodland et al., 2020, "Materials and Methods" p. 1).
-My measurement: 79 cm (Measured on 5/7/22 in Woodward et al., 2020, Supplementary Information, p. 9 Figure S2 C).
Age: 15. (Woodland et al., 2020, "Results" p. 4, "Ontogenetic age: p. 1) (Carr, 2020, Figure 12, Number 7)

Dryptosaurus holotype:
Femur: 90.2 cm.
Body length: 8.4 meters.

90.2 - 79 = 11.2.
11.2/90.2*100 = 12.4% decrease.
8.4 m - 12.4% = 24 feet (7.4 meters).

BMRP 2006.4.4's total length: 24 feet (7.4 meters).

Link:
Nanotyrannus is a species of Dryptosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2021/08/evidence-of-subadult-nanotyrannus.html
Woodland et al., (2020) ("Materials and Methods" p. 1):
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/1/eaax6250
Carr (2020) (Figure 12):

3. BMRP 2002.4.1 ("Jane"):
Femur: 72.0 cm (Woodward et al., 2020, Materials and Methods, p. 1) (Theropod Database, Tyrannosaurus rex).
Age: 11-13. (Erickson et al., 2006, Supplementary Materials, pg. 13) (Woodland et al., 2020, "Results" p. 4, "Ontogenetic age" p.1) (Carr, 2020, Figure 12, Number 5).
Skull: 77.7 cm (Measured on 8/28/21 in Brusatte et al., 2010, Figure 1 E). 
Maxilla: 48 cm (at best) (Measured on 6/10/22 in Brusatte et al., 2010, Figure 1, E).
Dentary: 52 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/20/22 in Brusatte et al., 2010).
Dentary tooth row length: 31.5 cm (Measured in photo from Dalman).
Ilium: 79.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/20/22 from Holtz's pic).
Humerus: 29.1 cm (Measured on 5/7/22 from Holtz's Twitter Post).
Femur: 72 cm (Larson, 2013) (Woodward et al., 2020).
Tibia: 89.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/7/22 in Woodward et al., 2020, Supplementary Information, p. 9 Figure S2 B).

Skull (Brusatte et al., 2010, Figure 1, E). Scale bar is 10 cm:
"Jane" and baby T. rex specimen BHI 6439 dentaries (Photo was give to me by Sebastian Dalman):
Humerus (left) compared to T. rex specimen "Sue" (Holtz's Twitter Post):
Tibia (Woodward et al., 2020, Supplementary Information, p. 9 Figure S2 B):
Length:
*1. Femur:
BMRP 2006.4.4 ("Petey"):
Femur: 79 cm. 
Body length: 7.4 meters.

79 - 72 = 7.
7/79*100 = 8.9% decrease.
7.4 m - 8.9% = 22 feet (6.7 meters).

2. Humerus:
ANSP 9995 (Holotype):
Humerus: 30.5 cm.
Length: 7.5 m.

30.5 - 29.1 = 1.4.
1.4/30.5*100 = 4.6% decrease.
7.5 m - 4.6% = 24 feet (7.2 meters).

Humerus for holotype is incomplete, so I'm going with the femur length.

BMRP 2002.4.1's Total Length: 22 feet (6.7 meters).

"Jane's" stats:
Age: 13 (Woodland et al., 2020, "Results" p. 4, "Ontogenetic age" p.1) (Carr, 2020, Figure 12, Number 5).
Length: 22 feet (6.7 meters).
Skull: 77.7 cm (Measured on 8/28/21 in Brusatte et al., 2010, Figure 1 E). 
Maxilla: 36.7 cm (My measurement from Peterson and Daus, 2019).
Dentary: 52 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/20/22 in Brusatte et al., 2010).
Dentary tooth row length: 31.5 cm (Measured in photo from Dalman).
Ilium: 79.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/20/22 from Holtz's lecture pic).
Humerus: 29.1 cm (Measured on 5/7/22 from Holtz's Twitter Post).
Tibia: 89.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/7/22 in Woodward et al., 2020, Supplementary Information, p. 9 Figure S2 B).

Links:
Nanotyrannus is a species of Dryptosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2021/08/evidence-of-subadult-nanotyrannus.html
Theropod Database. Tyrannosaurus rex:
http://theropoddatabase.com/Tyrannosauroidea.html#Tyrannosaurusrex
Woodland et al., (2020) (Materials and Methods, para. 1; Results, para. 4; Ontogenetic age, para.1):
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/1/eaax6250

Supplementary Materials:

https://www.science.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax6250&file=aax6250_sm.pdf

Carr (2020) (Figure 12):
https://peerj.com/articles/9192/
Erickson et al., (2006) (Supplementary Materials) (Pg. 13):
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2006/07/11/313.5784.213.DC1/Erickson.SOM.pdf
4. CMNH 7541 (Holotype of "Gorgosaurus lancensis"/"Nanotyrannus lancensis"):
Skull (Dalman et al., 2018, Figure 15 D):
Skull: 53 cm (My measurement) (Measured on 8/28/21 in Dalman et al., 2018, Figure 15 D). 
Dentary: 38.9 cm (My measurement) (Measured on 8/28/21 in Dalman et al., 2018, Figure 15 D).
Age: 7 (Carr, 2020, Figure 12 Number 4).

Allosaurus specimen USNM 4734:
Skull: 60.5 cm. 
Body: 26 feet (7.9 meters).

60.5 - 53 = 7.5.
7.5/60.5*100 = 12.4% decrease.
7.9 m - 12.4% = 6.9 meters.

*BMRP 2002.4.1 ("Jane"):
Skull: 77.7 cm.
Body: 6.7 meters.

77.7 - 53 = 24.7.
24.7/77.7*100 = 31.8% decrease.
6.7 m - 31.8% = 15 feet (4.9 meters).

CMNH's Total Length: 15 feet (4.6 meters).

Links:
Nanotyrannus is a species of Dryptosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2021/08/evidence-of-subadult-nanotyrannus.html

Dalman et al., (2018):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328676947_TYRANNOSAURID_TEETH_FROM_THE_UPPER_CRETACEOUS_CAMPANIAN_TWO_MEDICINE_FORMATION_OF_MONTANA

Carr (2020) (Figure 12, Number 4):
https://peerj.com/articles/9192/

5. BHI 6437 ("Bloody Mary"/"Dueling Dinosaurs" specimen):
Skull (Dino Death Match, Nat Geo, 26:13):
Length: 81 cm (at best) (Note: Skull was crushed by Triceratops).
Maxilla: 41 (at best) (Incomplete, tip is missing).
(?)Dentary: 52.5 cm (Incomplete; measured up to end of curve in angular).

Humerus (Larson's Twitter Post):
Humerus: 27.3 cm (at best).
Radius: 16 cm.
Ulna: 20.4 cm.
Manual phalanx 1-1: 15 cm.

Length:
"Jane":
Skull: 77.7 cm.
Humerus: 29.1 cm.
Body: 6.7 m.

1. Skull:
81 - 77.7 = 3.3.
3.3/77.7*100 = 4.3% increase.
7.2 m + 4.3% = 25 feet (7.5 meters).

*2. Humerus:
29.1 - 27.3 = 1.8.
1.8/29.1*100 = 6.2% decrease.
6.7 m - 6.2% = 21 feet (6.3 meters).

Manual phalanx 1-1:
ANSP 9995 (Holotype):
Manual phalanx 1-1: 16 (incomplete).
Length: 7.5 m.

16 - 15 = 1.
1/16*100 = 6.3% decrease.
7.5 m - 6.3% = 23 feet (7.0 meters).

I'll go with the humerus length.

BHI 6437's total length: 21 feet (6.3 meters).

Link:
Dino Death Match 
Larson's Twitter Post:

https://mobile.twitter.com/PeteLarsonTrex/status/762721220701847552


6. HRS11186:
Ulna (SWAU, HRS11186). Scale bar is 10 cm:
Length: 23.1 cm (Measured on 6/6/22).

BHI 6437:
Ulna: 20.4 cm.
Length: 6.3 meters.

23.1 - 20.4 = 2.7.
2.7/20.4*100. =13.2% increase.
6.3 m + 13.2% = 23 feet (7.1 meters).

HRS11186's total length: 23 feet (7.1 meters).

6. KUVP 156375 ("Jodi"):
Maxillae (Fossil Forum). I used 5 cm from the scale bar shown:
-First (top): 50 (at best).
-Second (bottom): 49.5 cm.

Age: Juvenile (Burnham et al., 2018; SVP, 2018) (p. 99):
Length:
"Jane":
Maxilla: 48 cm.
Length: 6.7 m.

First maxilla:
1. "Jane":
50 - 48 = 2.
2/48*100 = 4.2% increase.
6.7 m + 4.2% = 23 feet (7.0 meters).

KUVP 156375's total length: 23 feet (7.0 meters).

Links:
Photo:

https://images.app.goo.gl/b9aSDriLkGvK9eGT7
Fossil Forum:

http://www.thefossilforum.com/index.php?/topic/93287-the-case-for-nanotyrannus/page/3/
Burnham et al., (2018) (SVP, 2018) (P. 99):

https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SVP-2018-program-book-V4-FINAL-with-covers-9-24-18.pdf

7. "Zuri":
Maxilla (SWAU, HRS08438). Scale bar is 10 cm:

Length: 41 cm (Measured on 6/6/22).

"Jane":
Maxilla: 48 cm.
Length: 6.7 m.


41 - 48 = 7.
7/48*100. = 14.6% decrease.
6.7 m - 4.6% = 21 feet (6.4 meters).


Link:
SWAU. HRS08438:
https://fossil.swau.edu/link/Public/Browse/Specimen/HRS08438

The Nanotyrannus/Dryptosaurus lancensis specimens are smaller than the Dryptosaurus aquilunguis holotype, which helps to support my hypothesis that they are young 

specimens Dryptosaurus. The holotype of Dryptosaurus aquilunguis is larger than I previously thought, approaching the 30-foot range.

Dryptosaurus' Total Length: 15-28 feet (4.6-8.4 meters). 

Appalachiosaurus:
Femur: 78.6 cm. (Carr et al., 2005, pg. 132)

Dryptosaurus:
Femur: 81 cm.
Body: 25 feet (7.5 meters).

78.6 - 81 = 2.4.
2.4/81*100 = 3% decrease.
7.5 m - 3% = 24 feet (7.3 meters).

Appalachiosaurus' Total Length: 24 feet (7.3 meters).
Age: Subadult (At best) (Carr et al., 2005, "Abstract" and P. 121); 17 at best (My estimation).

Link:
Carr et al., (2005) (Pg. 132):
Others:
Short Arms:
Rome News Tribune (2012):
Melissa Murray (2018):
Marie Nesmith (November, 2019):
Jovanelly and Lane (2012) ("Introduction" and "Conclusion"):

Bistahieversor:
NMMNH P-27469 (Holotype/Largest Specimen):
*Skull: 107 cm. (Carr and Williamson, 2010, Table 1)
Dentary: 62 cm (At best). (Measured on 1/16/20 in Sullivan and Lucas, 2015, pg. 114, Figure 7, "A")

T.rex Specimen "Stan":
Skull: 147 cm.
Body: 12.2 meters.

147 - 107 = 40.
40/147*100 = 27.2% decrease.
12.2 m - 27.2% = 29 feet (8.9 meters).

Bistahieversor's Total Length: 29 feet (8.9 meters).

Links:
Carr and Williamson (2010) (Table 1):
Sullivan and Lucas (2015) (Pg. 114, Figure 7, "A"):
Picture:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science:

Teratophoneus:
Femur: 75.7 cm. (Carr et al., 2011, Supplementary Material, "Femur")

Appalachiosaurus:
Femur: 78.6 cm.
Body; 24 feet (7.3 meters).

78.6 - 75.7 = 2.9.
2.9/78.6*100 = 3.7% decrease.
7.3 m - 3.7% = 23 feet (7.0 meters).

Teratophoneus' Total Length: 23 feet (7.0 meters).

Link:
Carr et al., (2011):

Lythronax:
Tibia: 88 cm. (Measured on 1/17/20 in Loewen et al., 2013, pg. 2, Figure 1, "O")

Daspletosaurus torosus Specimen NMC 8506 (Holotype):
Tibia: 87 cm. (Russell, 1970, pg. 25)
Length: 9.4 meters.

88 - 87 = 1.
1/87*100 = 1.2% increase.
9.4 m + 1.2% = 31 feet (9.5 meters).

Lythronax's Total Length: 31 feet (9.5 meters).

Link:
Loewen et al., (2013) (Pg. 2, Figure 1):

Proceratosaurus:
Skull: 26.2 cm (at best). (Measured on 1/19/20 in Rauhut eat al., 2010, Figure 1, "A," Left Lateral)

Gnathovorax:
Skull: 28.5 cm.
Length: 10 feet (3.1 meters).

26.2 - 28.5 = 2.3.
2.3/28.5*100 = 8.1% decrease.
3.1 m - 8.1% = 10 feet (2.9 meters).

Proceratosaurus' Total Length: 10 feet (2.9 meters).

Link:
Rauhut et al., (2010) (Figure 1, "A," Left Lateral):
Original Paper:
Woodward (1910) (Pg. 111):

Guanlong:
Skull: 36 cm (at best). (Measured on 1/19/20 in Xu et al., 2006, pg. 716, "A")

Herrerasaurus specimen PVSJ 407:
Skull: 31 cm. 
Body: 3.4 meters.

31 - 36 = 5.
5/31*100 = 16.1% increase.
3.4 m + 16.1% = 13 feet (4.0 meters).

Guanlong's Total Length: 13 feet (4.0 meters).

 Link:
Xu et al., (2006) (Pg. 716):

Kileskus:
Maxilla: 26 cm (at best). (Measured on 1/19/20 in Averlanov et al., 2010, pg. 46, Figure 2, "A," Lateral)

Daspletosaurus horneri Specimen MOR 590 (Holotype):
Maxilla: 54.6 cm.
Length: 29 feet (8.8 meters).

26 - 54.6 = 28.6.
28.6/54.6*100 = 52.4% decrease.
8.8 m - 52.4% = 14 feet (4.2 meters).

Kileskus' Total Length: 14 feet (4.2 meters).

Link:
Averlanov et al., (2010) (Pg. 46, Figure 2, "A," Lateral):

Stokesosaurus:
Skeleton (Scott Hartman, 2011):
UMNH VP 7473 (Originally UUVP 2939) (Holotype):
Ilium: 22.5 cm (at best). (Measured on 3/20/20 in Brusatte and Benson, 2013, pg. 49)

Daspletosaurus torosus Specimen AMNH 5438:
Ilium: 109.6 cm. (Russell, 1970, pg. 27)
Length: 9.3 meters.

109.6 - 22.5 = 87.1.
87.1/109.6*100 = 79.5% decrease.
9.3 m - 79.5% = 6 feet (1.9 meters).

Stokesosaurus' Total Length: 6 feet (1.9 meters).

Link:
Scott Hartman (2011):
Brusatte and Benson (2013) (Pg. 49):
Number of Specimens:
Paleofile:

Asfaltovenator:
An allosauroid from the Bajocian (at best), or Middle Jurassic, of South America.

 Humerus: 34 cm (at best). (Measured on 3/20/20 in Rauhut and Pol, 2019, Figure 3, "D")
Allosaurus Specimen USNM 4734:
Humerus: 31.0 cm. 
Length: 7.9 meters.

31 - 34 = 3.
3/31*100 = 9.7% increase.
7.9 m + 9.7% = 29 feet (8.7 meters).

Asfaltovenator's Total Length: 29 feet (8.7 meters).

Link:
Rauhut and Pol (2019) (Figure 3, "D"):

Skorpiovenator:
Skorpiovenator (Planet Dinosaur):
Skull (Complete): 31 cm. (Measured on 3/20/20 in Canale et al., 2009, Figure 2, "B")

Carnotaurus:
Skull (Complete): 66 cm. (Measured on 3/20/20 in Bonaparte et al., 1990, pg. 4, Figure 2)
Length: 9.6 meters.

31 - 66 = 35.
35/66*100 = 53% decrease.
9.6 m - 53% = 15 feet (4.5 meters).

Skorpiovenator's Total Length: 15 feet (4.5 meters).

Link:
Canale et al., (2009) (Figure 2, "B"):

Gualicho:
Femur: 77.5 cm. (Apesteguia et al., 2016, Table 1).

Dryptosaurus:
Femur: 78.1 cm.
Body: 24 feet (7.3 meters).

77.5 - 78.1 = 0.6.
0.6/77.5*100 = 0.8% decrease.
7.3 m - 0.8% = 24 feet (7.2 meters).

Gualicho's Total Length: 24 feet (7.2 meters).

Link:
Apesteguia et al., (2016) (Table 1)

Moros:
Femur (Not complete): 29 cm (at best). (Measured on 5/18/20 in Zanno et al., 2019, Figure 2, "A," Lateral View)

C. bauri Specimen UCMP 129618:
Femur (Left): 24.5 cm. 
Body: 2.3 meters.

24.5 - 29 = 4.5.
4.5/24.5*100 = 18.4% increase.
2.3 m + 18.4% = 9 feet (2.7 meters).

Moros' Total Length: 9 feet (2.7 meters).

Link:
Zanno et al., (2019):

Buitreraptor:
MPCA 245 (Holotype):
Femur: 14.5 cm. (Gianechini and Apesteguia, 2011, pg. 172 Table 1)

Deinonychus Largest Specimen MCZ 4371:
Femur: 33.6 cm.
Length: 10 feet (3.1 meters).

14.5 - 33.6 = 19.1.
19.1/33.6*100 = 56.9% decrease.
3.1m - 56.9% = 4 feet (1.3 meters).

Buitreraptor's Total Length: 4 feet (1.3 meters).

Links:
Gianechini and Apesteguia (2011) (Pg. 172 Table 1):
Link 2:
Backup Link: 
Gianechini et al., (2018) (Figure 10 for Femur):

Unenlagia:
U. comahuensis:
MCF PVPH 78 (Holotype):
Femur: 36.8 cm. (Gianechini and Apesteguia, 2011, pg. 172 Table 1)

Deinonychus Largest Specimen MCZ 4371:
Femur: 33.6 cm.
Length: 10 feet (3.1 meters).

33.6 - 36.8 = 3.2.
3.2/33.6*100 = 9.5% decrease.
3.1 m - 9.5% = 9 feet (2.8 meters).

U. paynemili:
MUCPv-349 (Holotype):
Humerus: 21.7 cm (Calvo et al., 2004, pg. 551).

U. comahuensis Hootype MCF PVPH 78:
Humerus: 26.5 cm (Gianechini and Apesteguia, 2011, pg. 172 Table 1).
Length: 2.8 meters.

26.5 - 21.7 = 4.8.
4.8/26.5*100 = 18.1% decrease.
2.8 m - 18.1% = 8 feet (2.3 meters).

Unenlagia's Total Length: 8-9 feet (2.3-2.8 meters).

Links:
U. comahuensis:
Gianechini and Apesteguia (2011) (Pg. 172 Table 1):
Link 2:
Original Paper:
Novas and Puerta (1997):
U. paynemili:
Calvo et al., (2004) (Pg. 551):
Time (For Both Species):
Gallo et al., (2011):
Link 2 ("Abstract"):

Meraxes:
1. MMCh PV 65 (Holotype): 

Cullen et al., (2020) (Supplementary Materials):

Circumference of Femur:

Pg. 17 (Sue): 574 mm (Largest).

Pg. 19 (Carch.): 502.5 mm (Largest).


57.4 - 50.25 = 7.15.

7.15/57.4*100 = 12.5% decrease.

143 - 12.5% = 125.1 cm for femur.


Carcharodontosaurus saharicus Holotype IPHG 1922 X46:
Femora: 1.26 m. 
Body: 39 feet (11.8 m).


126 - 125.1 = 0.9.

0.9/126*100 = 0.7% decrease.

11.8 m - 0.7% = 38 feet (11.7 meters).

Meraxes' Total Length: 38 feet (11.7 meters).

Links:
Cullen et al., (2020):
"Abstract": 
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.2258
Supplementary Materials: 
https://rs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Supplementary_Information_from_Osteohistological_analyses_reveal_diverse_strategies_of_theropod_dinosaur_body-size_evolution/13182086
Katie Hunt (2020):

https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/24/world/dinosaur-growth-t-rex-study-scn/index.html

Field Museum (2020). Sci Tech Daily: 
https://scitechdaily.com/growth-rings-from-fossil-bones-reveals-t-rex-had-huge-growth-spurts-but-other-dinosaurs-grew-slow-and-steady/
Canale et al., (2022):

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(22)00860-0

Link 2:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960982222008600


Lusovenator:
SHN.019 (Holotype):
Fibula: 39 cm (at best) (Measured on 11/25/20 in Malafaia et al., 2019, Figure 6 3).

Allosaurus Specimen USNM 4734:
Fibula: 62.3 cm. 
Body: 7.9 meters.

62.3 - 39 = 23.3.
23.3/62.3*100 = 37.4% decrease.
7.9 m - 37.4% = 16 feet (5.0 meters).

Lusovenator's Total Length: 16 feet (5.0 meters).

Links:

Dilophosaurus:
Photo by Brian Engh.
(?)Holotype:
Femur: 50.63 cm (Fossilworks, "Dilophosaurus wetherilli").

Gualicho:
Femur: 77.5 cm.
Body: 7.2 meters.

77.5 - 50.63 = 26.87.
26.87/77.5*100 = 34.7% decrease.
7.2 m - 34.7% = 15 feet (4.7 meters).

UCMP 77270:
Femur: 60 cm (Persons IV and Currie, 2016, Table 1).

Size (Based on Utahraptor specimen BYU 15465): 18 feet (5.8 meters).

Dilophosaurus' Total Length: 15-18 feet (4.7-5.8 meters).
Jackson School Museum of Earth History:

https://www.jsg.utexas.edu/vpl/dilophosaurus/


Cryolophosaurus:
Skull: 65 cm (Hammer and Hickerson, 1994, p. 829).

Allosaurus specimen USNM 4734:
Skull: 60.5 cm.
Body: 7.9 meters.

65 - 60.5 = 4.5.
4.5/60.5*100 = 7.4% increase.
7.9 m + 7.4% = 28 feet (8.5 meters).

Cryolophosaurus' Total Length: 28 feet (8.5 meters).



Other Links:
Time:
International Chronostratigraphic Chart (2020):
International Commission of Stratigraphy Website:



__________________________________________________________________________
Spectrovenator:
Zaher et al., (2020):

Shaochilong:

Majungasaurus:

Australovenator:
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