Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Size Calculations for Megalodon.

Size calculations for Otodus megalodon.
Time: Miocene Epoch of the Neogene period: 23-5.3 million years ago.
Place: Worldwide.

Update (9/13/19): All specimens are up-to-date.

The Percentage Increase/Decrease Method:
1. Take new number and subtract it from original number.
2. Take that number and divide it by the original number and multiply by 100.
3. That number will by your percentage increase or decrease if it's negative.

Ex.: "Stan's" Femur is 130 and has a body length of 12.2 meters. "Wyrex" has a femur length of 132.7 cm.

132.7 - 130 = 2.7.
2.7 divided by (represented by "/") and multiplied by (represented by "*") equals 2.1.
(2.7/130*100 = 2.1)
2.1 is your percentage increase, or 2.1% increase.
12.2 m + 2.1% = 12.5 meters for "Wyrex."

Links:
Percentage Increase/Decrease Method Links:
"Percentage Change - Percentage Increase and Decrease." SkillsYouNeed:
"Relative Increase." percentage.calculators.ro:

 Size Calculation Methods:
1. Use jaw length.
2. Take tooth crown height (not bottom part) and compare it to other specimens. (Pimiento and Balk, 2015, "Methods," "Tooth Measurements")


Model: Great White Shark:
Jaws: 92 cm (length), 72 cm (height).
Body: 19 feet 6 inches (5.94 meters).
Link:

Specimens:
1. Largest Specimen (Mustain, 2011) (theworldslargestskarksjaw.com): 
2.7 meters (tall), 3.4 meters (across). (Mustain, 2011) (theworldslargestskarksjaw.com)
Size Estimate: 75 feet. (theworldslargestskarksjaw.com)

I'm going to assume that "3.4 meters across" is the length of the jaws.

Great White Shark:
Jaws: 92 cm (length), 72 cm (height).
Body: 19 feet 6 inches (5.94 meters).

92 - 340 = 248.
248/92*100 = 269.6% increase.
5.9 m + 269.6% = 72 feet (21.8 meters).

theworldslargestsharksjaws.com (No date):
https://www.theworldslargestsharksjaw.com

2. 8-Foot (2.44-Meter) Jaws (Savage Ancient Seas):  

Great White Shark:
Jaws: 92 cm (length), 72 cm (height).

Body: 19 feet 6 inches (5.94 meters).

92 - 244 = 152.
152/92*100 = 165.2% increase.
5.9 m + 165.2% = 52 feet (15.7 meters).

Link:
Savage Ancient Seas:

3. 2.8-Meter (Wide) Jaws (Dinosaur Sanctuary):

Great White Shark:
Jaws: 92 cm (length), 72 cm (height).

Body: 19 feet 6 inches (5.94 meters).

92 - 280 = 188.
188/92*100 = 204.4% increase.
5.9 m + 204.4% = 59 feet (18.0 meters).

Link:
Dinosaur Sanctuary (pg. 19):

Megalodon's Total Length: 52-72 feet (15.7-21.8 meters).

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Monday, July 29, 2019

Size Calculations for Mosasaurs.

Size calculations for mosasaurs.

Update (9/13/19): All specimens are up-to-date!

The Percentage Increase/Decrease Method:
1. Take new number and subtract it from original number.
2. Take that number and divide it by the original number and multiply by 100.
3. That number will by your percentage increase or decrease if it's negative.

Ex.: "Stan's" Femur is 130 and has a body length of 12.2 meters. "Wyrex" has a femur length of 132.7 cm.

132.7 - 130 = 2.7.
2.7 divided by (represented by "/") and multiplied by (represented by "*") equals 2.1.
(2.7/130*100 = 2.1)
2.1 is your percentage increase, or 2.1% increase.
12.2 m + 2.1% = 12.5 meters for "Wyrex."

Links:
Percentage Increase/Decrease Method Links:
"Percentage Change - Percentage Increase and Decrease." SkillsYouNeed:
"Relative Increase." percentage.calculators.ro:

Example: Clidastes:
Holotype:
Skull: 41.5 cm. (Measured on the Oceans of Kansas's website)
Dentary: 26 cm. (Measured on the Oceans of Kansas's website)
Length: 12 feet (3.7 meters). (Cope, 1868, pg. 181, p. 1)

Links:
Body:
Cope (1868) (pg. 181, p. 1):

1. Plioplatecarpus:
Skull: 61 cm.

Clidastes:
Skull: 41.5 cm
Dentary: 26 cm
Length: 12 feet (3.7 m).

61 - 41.5 = 19.5.
19.5/41.5*100 = 47% increase.
3.7 m + 47% = 14 feet (4.4 meters).

Link:

Plioplatecarpus' Total Length: 18 feet (5.4 meters).

2. Prognathodon sp. (P. overtoni?):
Specimen with a 1.44-meter skull:

Mosasaurus hoffmanni Holotype:
Skull: 137 cm.
Body: 11.5 meters.

137 - 144 = 7.
7/137*100 = 5.1% increase.
11.5 m + 5.1% = 40 feet (12.1 meters).

Link:
Skull:
Species:

Prognathodon's Total Length: 40 feet (12.1 meters).

3. Tylosaurus: 
Tylosaurus proriger:
Time: Coniacian-Maastrichtian.

Tylosaurus kansasensis:
Small Specimen:
Body Size Speculation: 5 meters (sub-adult to adult). (Everhart, 2008, pg. 254)

Mandible: 72 cm. (Everhart, 2008, pg. 254)

Plioplatecarpus:
Skull: 61 cm.
Body: 5.4 meters.

72 - 61 = 11.
11/61*100 = 18% increase.
5.4 m + 11% = 20 feet (6.0 meters).

Link:
Everhart (2008) (pg. 254):

Tylosaurus proriger:
1. 1996 Specimen with a 1.2-Meter Skull:
Skull: 1.2 meters. (Everhart, 2000-2011)
Length Estimate: 9+ meters. (Everhart, 2000-2011)

Mosasaurus missouriensis Specimen KUVP 1034:
Skull: 111.0 cm.
Body: 9.2 meters.

120 - 111 = 9.
9/111*100 = 8.1% increase.
9.2 m + 8.1% = 33 feet (10.0 meters).

Link:
Everhart (2000-2011):
http://oceansofkansas.com/page10.html
Time:
Campanian:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=139953

2. "Bruce": 
Skull: 1.80 meters.
Body Length Estimate: 13.0 meters.

Mosasaurus hoffmanni 2014 Russian Specimen: 
Mandible: 171 cm.
Body: 14.4 meters.

180 - 171 = 9.
9/171*100 = 5.3% increase.
14.4 m + 5.3% = 50 feet (15.2 meters).

Links:
Body:
Skull:

3. KUVP 5033 ("Bunker"):
Skull: 6 feet (1.8 meters). 
Body Length Estimate: 12.0-13.7 meters.

Tylosaurus "Bruce": 
Skull: 1.80 meters.
Body Length: 15.2 meters.

Since "Bunker" has the same skull length, it seems that it was the same size as "Bruce."

Body: 50 feet (15.2 meters).

Links:

Tylosaurus' Total Length: 20-50 feet (6.0-15.2 meters).

4. Mosasaurus:
Mosasaurus hoffmanni:

Drawing by Davide Bonadonna.

Time: Campanian-Maastricthian of the late Cretaceous period.

Place: North America and Europe.

Mosasaurus conodon:
(Measurements from Ikejiri, 2014):
Skull: 97.7 cm. 
Dentary: 62 cm.

Tylosaurus (Small Specimen):
Skull (Mandible): 72 cm.
6.0 meters.

97.7 - 72 = 25.7.
25.7/61*100 = 35.7% increase.
6 m + 35.7% = 27 feet (8.1 meters).

Link:
Ikejiri (2014):
Mosasaurus missouriensis:
1. 2012 Specimen:
Skull: 100 cm. (Gramling, 2016)
Estimated Length: 6.5 meters. (Gramling, 2016)

Mosasaurus conodon:
Skull: 97.7 cm
8.1 meters.

100 - 97.7 = 2.3.
2.3/97.7*100 = 2.4% increase.
8.1 m + 2.4% = 21 feet (8.3 meters).

Link:
Gramling (2016):
2. KUVP 1034:
Skull: 111.0 cm. (Ikejiri, 2014)

2012 Specimen:
Skull: 100 cm.
Body: 8.3 meters.

111 - 100 = 11.
11/100*100 = 11% increase.

Mosasaurus hoffmanni:
1. NJSM 11053:
(Measurements from Ikejiri, 2014):
Skull: 120.8
Dentary: 81 cm
Quadrate: 19 cm

Tylosaurus proriger 1996 Specimen with a 1.2-Meter Skull:
Skull: 1.2 meters.
Body: 10 meters.

120.8 - 1.20 = 0.8.
0.8/120*100 = 0.7% increase.
10 m + 0.7% = 33 feet (10.1 meters).

Link:
Time and Place:
Maastrichtian:

2. Holotype:
Skull: 4.5 feet (137 cm). (Hutchinson, 1893, pg. 125)
Quadrate: 1.4 dm (14 cm). (Measured in Gallagher, 2014)
Estimated Length: 24 feet. (Hutchinson, 1893, pg. 125)

NJSM 11053:
Skull: 120.8
10.1 meters.

137 - 120.8 = 16.2.
16.2/120.8*100 = 13.4% increase.
10.1 m + 13.4% = 38 feet (11.5 meters).

Links:
Skull: 
Hutchinson (1893) (pg. 125):
Quadrate:
Gallagher (2014):

3. 2014 Russian Specimen: 
(Measurements from Grigoriev, 2014):
Body Length Estimate: 17 meters. (pg. 148)
Mandible: 171 cm. (pg. 166) (mandibular ramus is 69 cm + left dentary is 102 cm)
Left Dentary: 102 cm; 15 teeth. (pg. 166)
Quadrate: 20 cm. (My measurement/estimate on pg. 152)

Prognathodon Specimen with a 144-cm skull:
Body: 12.1 meters.

171 - 144 = 27.
27/144*100 = 18.8% increase.
12.1 m + 18.8% = 47 feet (14.4 meters).

Link:
Grigoriev (2014):

4. NHMM 009002:
(Measurements from Everhart et al., 2016, pg. 9):
Body Length Estimate: 17.6 meters. 
Dentary: 92 cm. ("portion," which means it's fragmentary)
Tooth count: 13.

Mosasaurus hoffmani 2014 Russian Specimen: 
Left Dentary: 102 cm.
Body: 14.4 meters.

102 - 92 = 10.
10/102 = 9.8% decrease.
14.4 m - 9.8% = 43 feet (13.0 meters).

 Link:
Everhart et al., (2016) (pg. 9):

5. NHMM 003892:
(Measurements from Everhart et al., 2016, pg. 9):
Body Length Estimate: 18 meters.
Quadrate: 21.5 cm. 

Mosasaurus hoffmani 2014 Russian Specimen: 
Quadrate (My Measurement): 20 cm.
Body: 14.4 meters.

20 - 21.5 = 1.5.
1.5/20*100 = 7.5% increase.
14.4 m + 7.5% = 51 feet (15.5 meters).

Link:
Everhart et al., (2016) (pg. 9):

Mosasaurus' Total Length: 27-51 feet (8.1-15.5 meters).
Time Periods:
International Chronostratigraphic Chart (2020):
International Commission of Stratigraphy Website:
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