Size calculations for mosasaurs.
Update (9/13/19): All specimens are up-to-date!
Update (9/13/19): All specimens are up-to-date!
The Percentage Increase/Decrease Method:
1. Take new number and subtract it from original number.
2. Take that number and divide it by the original number and multiply by 100.
3. That number will by your percentage increase or decrease if it's negative.
Ex.: "Stan's" Femur is 130 and has a body length of 12.2 meters. "Wyrex" has a femur length of 132.7 cm.
132.7 - 130 = 2.7.
2.7 divided by (represented by "/") and multiplied by (represented by "*") equals 2.1.
(2.7/130*100 = 2.1)
2.1 is your percentage increase, or 2.1% increase.
12.2 m + 2.1% = 12.5 meters for "Wyrex."
Links:
Percentage Increase/Decrease Method Links:
"Percentage Change - Percentage Increase and Decrease." SkillsYouNeed:
"Relative Increase." percentage.calculators.ro:
Holotype:
Skull: 41.5 cm. (Measured on the Oceans of Kansas's website)
Dentary: 26 cm. (Measured on the Oceans of Kansas's website)
Length: 12 feet (3.7 meters). (Cope, 1868, pg. 181, p. 1)
Links:
Body:
Cope (1868) (pg. 181, p. 1):
Cope (1868) (pg. 181, p. 1):
1. Plioplatecarpus:
Skull: 61 cm.
Clidastes:
Skull: 41.5 cm
Dentary: 26 cm
Length: 12 feet (3.7 m).
61 - 41.5 = 19.5.
19.5/41.5*100 = 47% increase.
19.5/41.5*100 = 47% increase.
Plioplatecarpus' Total Length: 18 feet (5.4 meters).
2. Prognathodon sp. (P. overtoni?):
Specimen with a 1.44-meter skull:
Mosasaurus hoffmanni Holotype:
Skull: 137 cm.
Body: 11.5 meters.
137 - 144 = 7.
7/137*100 = 5.1% increase.
7/137*100 = 5.1% increase.
11.5 m + 5.1% = 40 feet (12.1 meters).
Link:
Skull:
Species:
Prognathodon's Total Length: 40 feet (12.1 meters).
Place: North America and Europe.
Links:
Coniacian:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=178922
Campanian:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=139953
Maastrichtian:
Jimenez-Huidobro and Caldwell (2015) (T. bernardi):
Links:
Coniacian:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=178922
Campanian:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=139953
Maastrichtian:
Jimenez-Huidobro and Caldwell (2015) (T. bernardi):
Small Specimen:
Body Size Speculation: 5 meters (sub-adult to adult). (Everhart, 2008, pg. 254)
Mandible: 72 cm. (Everhart, 2008, pg. 254)
Plioplatecarpus:
Skull: 61 cm.
Body: 5.4 meters.
72 - 61 = 11.
11/61*100 = 18% increase.
11/61*100 = 18% increase.
5.4 m + 11% = 20 feet (6.0 meters).
Link:
Everhart (2008) (pg. 254):
Tylosaurus proriger:
1. 1996 Specimen with a 1.2-Meter Skull:
Skull: 1.2 meters. (Everhart, 2000-2011)
Length Estimate: 9+ meters. (Everhart, 2000-2011)
Mosasaurus missouriensis Specimen KUVP 1034:
Skull: 111.0 cm.
Body: 9.2 meters.
120 - 111 = 9.
9/111*100 = 8.1% increase.
9/111*100 = 8.1% increase.
9.2 m + 8.1% = 33 feet (10.0 meters).
Link:
Everhart (2000-2011):
http://oceansofkansas.com/page10.html
Time:
Campanian:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=139953
Tylosaurus' Total Length: 20-50 feet (6.0-15.2 meters).
Time:
Campanian:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=139953
2. "Bruce":
Skull: 1.80 meters.
Body Length Estimate: 13.0 meters.
Mosasaurus hoffmanni 2014 Russian Specimen:
Mandible: 171 cm.
Body: 14.4 meters.
180 - 171 = 9.
9/171*100 = 5.3% increase.
9/171*100 = 5.3% increase.
14.4 m + 5.3% = 50 feet (15.2 meters).
Links:
Body:
Skull:
3. KUVP 5033 ("Bunker"):
Skull: 6 feet (1.8 meters).
Body Length Estimate: 12.0-13.7 meters.
Tylosaurus "Bruce":
Skull: 1.80 meters.
Body Length: 15.2 meters.
Since "Bunker" has the same skull length, it seems that it was the same size as "Bruce."
Body: 50 feet (15.2 meters).
Links:
Tylosaurus' Total Length: 20-50 feet (6.0-15.2 meters).
4. Mosasaurus:
Mosasaurus hoffmanni:
Mosasaurus hoffmanni:
Time: Campanian-Maastricthian of the late Cretaceous period.
Place: North America and Europe.
Mosasaurus conodon:
(Measurements from Ikejiri, 2014):
Skull: 97.7 cm.
Skull: 97.7 cm.
Dentary: 62 cm.
Tylosaurus (Small Specimen):
Skull (Mandible): 72 cm.
6.0 meters.
97.7 - 72 = 25.7.
25.7/61*100 = 35.7% increase.
25.7/61*100 = 35.7% increase.
6 m + 35.7% = 27 feet (8.1 meters).
Link:
Ikejiri (2014):
Ikejiri (2014):
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Comparisons-of-skull-measurements-in-Mosasaurus_tbl1_271528820
Time:
Maastrichtian:
Time:
Maastrichtian:
Mosasaurus missouriensis:
1. 2012 Specimen:
Skull: 100 cm. (Gramling, 2016)
Estimated Length: 6.5 meters. (Gramling, 2016)
Estimated Length: 6.5 meters. (Gramling, 2016)
Mosasaurus conodon:
Skull: 97.7 cm
8.1 meters.
100 - 97.7 = 2.3.
2.3/97.7*100 = 2.4% increase.
2.3/97.7*100 = 2.4% increase.
8.1 m + 2.4% = 21 feet (8.3 meters).
Link:
Gramling (2016):
Gramling (2016):
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/10/ancient-sea-monster-battle-revealed-unusual-fossil
Time:
Campanian:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=122603
Time:
Campanian:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=122603
2. KUVP 1034:
Skull: 111.0 cm. (Ikejiri, 2014)
Skull: 111.0 cm. (Ikejiri, 2014)
2012 Specimen:
Skull: 100 cm.
Body: 8.3 meters.
111 - 100 = 11.
11/100*100 = 11% increase.
11/100*100 = 11% increase.
8.3 m + 11% = 30 feet (9.2 meters).
Link:
Link:
Ikejiri (2014):
Mosasaurus hoffmanni:
1. NJSM 11053:
(Measurements from Ikejiri, 2014):
Skull: 120.8
Dentary: 81 cm
Quadrate: 19 cm
Tylosaurus proriger 1996 Specimen with a 1.2-Meter Skull:
Skull: 1.2 meters.
Body: 10 meters.
120.8 - 1.20 = 0.8.
0.8/120*100 = 0.7% increase.
0.8/120*100 = 0.7% increase.
10 m + 0.7% = 33 feet (10.1 meters).
Link:
Ikejiri (2014):
Time and Place:
Maastrichtian:
Maastrichtian:
2. Holotype:
Skull: 4.5 feet (137 cm). (Hutchinson, 1893, pg. 125)
Quadrate: 1.4 dm (14 cm). (Measured in Gallagher, 2014)
Estimated Length: 24 feet. (Hutchinson, 1893, pg. 125)
Estimated Length: 24 feet. (Hutchinson, 1893, pg. 125)
NJSM 11053:
Skull: 120.8
10.1 meters.
137 - 120.8 = 16.2.
16.2/120.8*100 = 13.4% increase.
16.2/120.8*100 = 13.4% increase.
10.1 m + 13.4% = 38 feet (11.5 meters).
Links:
Skull:
Skull:
Hutchinson (1893) (pg. 125):
Quadrate:
Gallagher (2014):
Gallagher (2014):
3. 2014 Russian Specimen:
(Measurements from Grigoriev, 2014):
Body Length Estimate: 17 meters. (pg. 148)
Body Length Estimate: 17 meters. (pg. 148)
Mandible: 171 cm. (pg. 166) (mandibular ramus is 69 cm + left dentary is 102 cm)
Left Dentary: 102 cm; 15 teeth. (pg. 166)
Quadrate: 20 cm. (My measurement/estimate on pg. 152)
Prognathodon Specimen with a 144-cm skull:
Body: 12.1 meters.
171 - 144 = 27.
27/144*100 = 18.8% increase.
27/144*100 = 18.8% increase.
12.1 m + 18.8% = 47 feet (14.4 meters).
Link:
Grigoriev (2014):
Grigoriev (2014):
4. NHMM 009002:
(Measurements from Everhart et al., 2016, pg. 9):
Body Length Estimate: 17.6 meters.
Body Length Estimate: 17.6 meters.
Dentary: 92 cm. ("portion," which means it's fragmentary)
Tooth count: 13.
Mosasaurus hoffmani 2014 Russian Specimen:
Left Dentary: 102 cm.
Body: 14.4 meters.
102 - 92 = 10.
10/102 = 9.8% decrease.
14.4 m - 9.8% = 43 feet (13.0 meters).
Link:
Everhart et al., (2016) (pg. 9):
10/102 = 9.8% decrease.
14.4 m - 9.8% = 43 feet (13.0 meters).
Link:
Everhart et al., (2016) (pg. 9):
5. NHMM 003892:
(Measurements from Everhart et al., 2016, pg. 9):
Body Length Estimate: 18 meters.
Quadrate: 21.5 cm.
Body Length Estimate: 18 meters.
Quadrate: 21.5 cm.
Mosasaurus hoffmani 2014 Russian Specimen:
Quadrate (My Measurement): 20 cm.
Body: 14.4 meters.
20 - 21.5 = 1.5.
1.5/20*100 = 7.5% increase.
1.5/20*100 = 7.5% increase.
14.4 m + 7.5% = 51 feet (15.5 meters).
Link:
Everhart et al., (2016) (pg. 9):
Mosasaurus' Total Length: 27-51 feet (8.1-15.5 meters).
Time Periods:
International Chronostratigraphic Chart (2020):
International Commission of Stratigraphy Website: