My size calculations for herbivorous dinosaurs.
Update (9/20/19): All specimens are up-to-date!
The Percentage Increase/Decrease Method:
1. Take new number and subtract it from original number.
2. Take that number and divide it by the original number and multiply by 100.
3. That number will by your percentage increase or decrease if it's negative.
Ex.: "Stan's" Femur is 130 and has a body length of 12.2 meters. "Wyrex" has a femur length of 132.7 cm.
132.7 - 130 = 2.7.
2.7 divided by (represented by "/") and multiplied by (represented by "*") equals 2.1.
(2.7/130*100 = 2.1)
2.1 is your percentage increase, or 2.1% increase.
12.2 m + 2.1% = 12.5 meters for "Wyrex."
Links:
Percentage Increase/Decrease Method Links:
"Percentage Change - Percentage Increase and Decrease."
SkillsYouNeed:
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/percent-change.html
"Relative Increase."
percentage.calculators.ro:
https://percentages.calculators.ro/15-percentage-increase-from-original-number-to-new-value.php
Sauropodomorpha:
1. Eoraptor:
Time Period: Carnian of the late Triassic period: 237-227 million years ago.
Place: South America.
The first herbivorous/sauropod dinosaur to have evolved (Kaplan, 2011).
Specimen PVSJ 512 (Holotype):
Skull: 12.3 cm. (Sereno et al., 2012, Table 3)
Femur: 15.2 cm (Martinez et al., 2011, pg. 206 Table 1)
Eodromaeus:
Femur: 16.0 cm.
Body: 1.5 meters.
Here's how I calculated Eodromaeus' size:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/10/calculations-for-largest-theropods.html
Eodromaeus is a theropod, but it and Eoraptor have a similar body design so I'm comparing the two.
16 - 15.2 = 0.8.
0.8/15.2*100 = 5.3% decrease.
1.5 m - 5.3% = 5 feet (1.4 meters).
Eoraptor's Total Length: 5 feet (1.4 meters).
Link:
Sereno et al., (2012):
Table 3:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Measurements-in-mm-of-the-skull-of-Eoraptor-lunensis-PVSJ-512_tbl1_257457973
Paper:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257457973_Osteology_of_Eoraptor_lunensis_Dinosauria_Sauropodomorpha
Skull:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Measurements-in-mm-of-the-skull-of-Eoraptor-lunensis-PVSJ-512_tbl1_257457973
Herbivore:
Kaplan (2011):
https://www.nature.com/news/2011/110113/full/news.2011.17.html
Martinez et al., (2011):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49753908_A_Basal_Dinosaur_from_the_Dawn_of_the_Dinosaur_Era_in_Southwestern_Pangaea
Garcia et al., (2019):
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652019000400516&tlng=en
Sauropod Family Tree:
Sander et al., (2011) (Figure 4):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045712/2. Plateosaurus:
P. gracilis:
Holotype Femur: 48 cm (Yates, 2003, pg. 332 "Brief description").
Eoraptor:
Femur: 15.2 cm.
Body: 1.4 meters.
48 - 15.2 = 32.8.
32.8/15.2*100 = 215.8% increase.
1.4 m + 215.8% = 14 feet (4.4 meters).
Link:
Yates (2003) (Pg. 332):
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2003.00301.x
Large Skull:
Paleofile. "Sellosaurus":
http://www.paleofile.com/Dinosaurs/Sauropoda/Sellosaurus.asp
Interesting Paper:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018298000741
P. engelhardti:
1. SMNS F 14:
Scapula: 47 cm (Klein, 2004, pg. 87 Table 11).
Humerus: 41 cm (Klein, 2004, pg. 84 Table 10).
Femur: 63.5 cm (Klein, 2004, pg. 84 Table 10).
Tibia: 55 cm (Klein, 2004, pg. 41 Table 6, pg. 75 Table 7).
Fibula: 52.5 cm (Klein, 2004, pg. 78 Table 8).
Efraasia Specimen SMNS 12843:
Femur: 62.7 cm.
Length: 5.8 meters.
62.7 - 63.5 = 0.8.
0.8/62.7*100 = 1.28% increase.
5.8 m + 1.28% = 19 feet (5.9 meters).
2. IFG (Table 4 and 7):
Femur: 99 cm (Klein, 2004, pg. 41 Table 6, pg. 75 Table 7).
SMNS F 14:
Humerus: 41 cm.
Femur: 63.5 cm.
Tibia: 55 cm.
Fibula: 52.5 cm.
Body: 5.9 meters.
63.5 - 99 = 35.5.
35.5/63.5*100 = 55.9% increase.
5.9 m + 55.9% = 30 feet (9.2 meters).
Link:
Klein (2004):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/33714487_Bone_histology_and_growth_of_the_prosauropod_dinosaur_Plateosaurus_engelhardti_Meyer_1837_from_the_Norian_bonebeds_of_Trossingen_Germany_and_Frick_Switzerland
Plateosaurus' Total Length: 14-30 feet (4.4-9.2 meters).
3. Efraasia:
1. SMNS 12843:
Femur: 62.7 cm (Yates, 2003, pg. 329 ""Brief description").
P. gracilis Holotype:
Femur: 48 cm.
Length: 4.4 meters.
48 - 62.7 = 14.7.
14.7/48*100 = 30.6% increase.
4.4 m + 30.6% = 19 feet (5.8 meters).
Efraasia's Total Length: 19 feet (5.8 meters).
Links:
Yates (2003) (Pg. 329):
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2003.00301.x
Galton (1984) (Pg. 3 Table 1):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272152579_An_early_prosauropod_dinosaur_from_the_Upper_Triassic_of_Nordwurttemberg_West_Germany
Diplodocoids:1. Galeamopus:
G. pabsti:
1. SMA 0011 (Holotype):
(All measurements are from Tschopp and Mateus, 2017):
Skull: 47.6 cm (at best) (Measured on 9/1/20 in Figure 5 "C").
Table 6:
Scapula (Right): 137.5 cm.
Humerus (Right): 89.3 cm.
Table 7:
Ilium (Right): 88.5 cm.
Pubis ((Left): 87 cm.
Femur (Left): 116 cm.
Tibia (Left): 84.5 cm.
Fibula (Left): 85 cm.
Plateosaurus Specimen SMNS F 14:
Scapula: 47 cm.
Humerus: 41 cm.
Femur: 63.5 cm.
Tibia: 55 cm.
Fibula: 52.5 cm.
Body: 5.9 meters.
*Scapula:
47 - 137.5 = 90.5.
90.5 /47*100 = 192.6% increase.
5.9 m + 192.6% = 57 feet (17.3 meters).
Humerus:
89.3 - 41 = 42.9.
42.9/41*100 = 104.6% increase.
5.9 m + 40 feet (12.1 meters).
Femur:
63.5 - 116 = 52.5.
52.5/63.5*100 = 82.7% increase.
5.9 m + 82.7% = 35 feet (10.8 meters).
Plateosaurus Specimen IFG:
Femur: 99 cm.
Body: 9.2 m.
99 - 116 = 17.
17/99*100 = 17.2% increase.
9.2 m + 17.2% = 35 feet (10.8 meters).
Link:
Tschopp and Mateus (2017):
G. hayi:
2. HMS 175 (or CM 662) (Holotype):
(Lengths from Fossilworks):
Humerus: 92.29 cm.
Femur: 144.8 cm.
Tibia: 93.5 cm.
Fibula: 98.3 cm.
G. pabsti:
Scapula: 137.5 cm.
Humerus: 89.3 cm.
Femur: 116 cm.
Tibia (Left): 84.5 cm.
Fibula (Left): 85 cm.
Body: 17.3 meters.
Humerus:
89.3 - 92.29 = 2.99
2.99/89.3*100 = 3.4% increase.
17.3 m + 3.4% = 59 feet (17.9 meters).
*Femur:
116 - 144.8 = 28.8.
28.8/116*100 = 24.8% increase.
17.3 m + 24.8% = 71 feet (21.6 meters).
Tibia:
93.5 - 84.5 = 9.
9/84.5*100 = 10.7% increase.
17.3 m + 10.7% = 63 feet (19.2 meters).
Fibula:
98.3 - 85 = 13.3.
13.3/85*100 = 15.7% increase.
17.3 m + 15.7% = 66 feet (20.0 meters).
Just to be safe, I'll go with the femur length.
Galeamopus' Total Length: 57-71 feet (17.3-21.6 meters).
2. Cathartesaura:
Time: Cenomanian of the late Cretaceous period: 100-94 million years ago.
Place: South America.
Scapula: 72 cm (Measured on 10/17/20 in Gallina and Apesteguia, 2005, pg. 158 Figure 4 "A").
Femur:
-138 cm long (Gallina and Apesteguia, 2005, pg. 138).
-My Measurement: 130 cm (Measured on 10/17/20 in Gallina and Apesteguia, 2005, pg. 158 Figure 4 "B").
Galeamopus pabsti:
Scapula: 137.5 cm.
Humerus: 89.3 cm.
Femur: 116 cm.
Tibia (Left): 84.5 cm.
Fibula (Left): 85 cm.
Body: 17.3 meters.
Femur:
138- 116 = 22.
22/116*100 = 19% increase.
17.3 m + 19% = 68 feet (20.6 meters).
Scapula indicates that this was a smaller animal than Galeamopus, but the femur indicates that it was larger. It seems that Galeamopus had a larger scapula, but smaller limbs, than Cathartesaura. I'll go with the femur length.
Cathartesaura's Total Length: 68 feet (20.6 meters).
Link:
Gallina and Apesteguia (2005) (pg. 138):
3. Limaysaurus:
Femur:
-144 cm (Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 26).
-My measurement: 148 cm (Measured on 10/17/20, Figure 15 "A").
Dorsal Vertebra:
*Height: 67 cm (Measured on 9/19/19 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 21).
Dorsal Centrum (Anterior) Height: 13 cm (Measured in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 21).
Dorsal Centrum (Posterior/Lateral) Height: 20 cm (Measured in lateral view in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 21, "D").
Dorsal Centrum Length (Lateral): 24 cm (Measured on 9/19/19 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 21).
Dorsal Centrum Width (Anterior): 15.3 cm (at best) (Measured on 9/1/20 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 21).
Scapula: 98 cm (Measured on 1/14/20 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 24 Figure 12 "A").
Humerus: 92.5 cm (At best) (Measured on 10/17/20 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 24 Figure 12 "B").
Tibia: 85 cm (pg. 25).
Fibula: 88 cm (pg. 26).
Cathartesaura:
Scapula: 72 cm.
Femur: 138 cm.
Body: 20.6 m.
Scapula:
98 - 72 = 26.
26/72*100 = 36.1% increase.
20.6 m + 36.1% = 92 feet (28 meters).
*Femur:
144 - 138 = 6.
6/138*100 = 4.4% increase.
20.6 m + 4.4% = 71 feet (21.5 meters).
Just to be safe, I'll go with the femur length.
Link:
Calvo and Salgado, (1995):
2nd Version:
2. MUCPv-206:
Dorsal Vertebra:
*Height: 124 cm (Measured on 9/21/19 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 22).
Dorsal Centrum (Posterior):
Height: 22 cm (Measured on 9/21/19 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 22).
Width: 21.4 cm (at best) (Measured on 9/1/20 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 22).
*A. louisae Specimen CM 3018 (Holotype):
Femur: 178.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 232)
Humerus: 115 cm (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 217).
Dorsal Vertebrae 9:
Height: 135 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201)
Centrum Length: 25.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201)
Centrum Width: 31.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201)
Length: 27.8 meters.
Vertebra Height:
135 - 124 = 11.
11/135*100 = 8.2% decrease.
27.8 m - 8.1% = 84 feet (25.6 meters).
Link:
Calvo and Salgado, (1995):
2nd Version:
4. Diplodocus:
Diplodocus from Walking With Dinosaurs:Time Period: Kimmeridgian-Tithonian of the late Jurassic period: 157-145 million years ago.
Place: North America.
D. carnegii:
1. CM 94:
Info. from Myers and Storrs (2007) (Table 1):
Humerus: 95.6 cm.
Femur: 147 cm.
Galeamopus hayi:
Femur: 144.8 cm.
Body: 21.6 m.
144.8 - 147 = 2.2.
2.2/144.8*100 = 1.5% increase.
21.6 m + 1.5% = 72 feet (21.9 meters).
Link:
Myers and Storrs (2007) (Table 1):
Femur: 154.2 cm (Hatcher, 1901, pg. 46) (Gilmore, 1932, pg. 21) (Myers and Storrs, 2007, Table 1).
Coracoid Length: 51.2 cm. (Hatcher, 1901, pg. 44)
Centrum 1 Length: 51 cm. (Gilmore, 1932, pg. 12)
Humerus: 101 cm (Gilmore, 1932, pg. 20).
Scapula: 124.0 cm (Gilmore, 1932, pg. 18 Table 4).
Barosaurus Specimen with 152.0-cm Femur:
Femur: 152 cm.
Body: 22.7 meters.
152 - 154.2 = 2.2.
2.2/152*100 = 1.5% increase.
22.7 m + 1.5% = 76 feet (23.0 meters).
Links:
Gilmore (1932) (pg. 12 and 21):
Hatcher (1901) (pg. 44):
Myers and Storrs (2007) (Table 1):
D. carnegii's Total Length: 72-76 feet (21.9-23.0 meters).
D. longus:
1. USNM 10865 (Genotype) (Gilmore, 1932, pg. 7):
Femur: 160 cm (Gilmore, 1932, pg. 21).
Scapula: 115.3 cm (Gilmore, 1932, pg. 18 Table 4).
Original description by Marsh (1879) is of an Apatosaurus (Gilmore, 1932, pg. 7).
154.2 - 160 = 8.9.8.9/106.4*100 = 8.4% increase.23 m + 8.4% = 82 feet (24.9 meters).
Link:
Marsh (1879) (Pg. 414):
2. YPM 1920:
Femur: 162 cm (Myers and Storrs, 2007, Table 1).
USNM 10865 (Genotype):
Femur: 160 cm.
Length: 24.9 meters.
162 - 160 = 2.
2/160*100 = 1.3% increase.
24.9 m + 1.3% = 83 feet (25.2 meters).
Myers and Storrs (2007) (Table 1):
D. longus' Total Length: 82-83 feet (24.9-25.2 meters).
D. hallorum (Originally "Seismosaurus hallorum"):
Femur: 180 cm (Herne and Lucas, 2006, pg. 146).
A. louisae CM 3018 (Holotype):
Femur: 178.5 cm.
Body: 27.8 meters.
178.5 - 180 = 1.5.1.5/178.5*100 = 0.8% increase.27.8 m + 0.8% = 92 feet (28.0 meters).
Diplodocus' Total Length: 72-92 feet (21.9 -28.0 meters).
Other Links:
Time:
Kimmeridgian:
Tschopp et al., (2015) (Pg. 6 Table 2):
Link 2:
Tithonian:
Maidment et al., (2017):
Dinosaur National Monument Geologic Resource Evaluation Report (2006) (Pg. 4):
Colorado Geological Survey (Retrieved on 1/2/20):
Fossilworks:
Gilmore (1932) (Pg. 1):
5. Barosaurus:
Time: Kimmeridgian-Tithonian of the late Jurassic Period: 157-145 million years ago.
Place: North America.
1. Specimen with 152.0-cm Femur (
O'Gorman and Hone, 2012, Table 1):
Diplodocus carnegii CM 94:
Femur: 147 cm.
Body: 21.9 m.
152 - 147 = 5.
5/147*100 = 3.4% increase.
21.9 m + 3.4% = 75 feet (22.7 meters).
Link:
O'Gorman and Hone (2012) (Table 1):
2. YM 429 (Holotype):
Cervical Vertebrae 12 (XII) (from Marsh, 1919, pg. 12):
Length: 102 cm.
Centrum Length: 93 cm.
Dorsal Vertebra 1 (Marsh, 1919, pg. 16):
Length: 62 cm.
Height: 59 cm.
Centrum Length: 47 cm.
Pubis: 138.5 cm ("Estimated") (Marsh, 1919, pg. 36).
Femur: 252.58 cm(?). (Marsh, 1919, pg. 37) (Considered inaccurate)
Tibia: 168.1 cm(?) (Marsh, 1919, pg. 37) (Considered inaccurate).
Barosaurus had long cervicals compared to Diplodocus (Marsh, 1919, pg. 37).
*Fossilworks:
Scapula: 124 cm.
Coracoid: 29.7 cm.
Humerus: 103.4 cm.
Femur: 144 cm.
Tibia: 106.4 cm.
Fibula: 112 cm.
Scapula:
Galeamopus pabsti:
Scapula: 137.5 cm.
Body: 17.3 meters.
124 - 137 = 13.
13/137.5*100 = 9.5% decrease.
17.3 m - 9.5% = 52 feet (15.7 meters).
*Femur:
Based on Limaysaurus Holotype: 71 feet (21.5 meters).
YM 429's (Holotype) Total Length: 71 feet (21.5 meters).
Link:
YM 429 (Holotype):
Cervical Vertebrae 12 (XII):
Centrum Length: 93 cm.
Body: 21.5 m.
The holotype doesn't have an 11th cervical, but this is the best that I can do. At least we have the 12th.
77.5 - 93 = 15.5.
15.5/93*100 = 16.7% increase.
21.5 m + 16.7% = 82 feet (25.1 meters).
AMNH Specimen from Taylor and Wedel (2016)'s Total Length: 82 feet (25.1 meters).
Link:
Taylor and Wedel (2016):
4. BYU 9024 (Largest Specimen):
This was said to have belonged to the holotype of Supersaurus (Lovelace et al., 2007, pg. 530), but it was reassigned to Barosaurus (SVPOW, 2016) (Taylor and Wedel, 2016). It was originally labelled as the 11th or 12th cervical vertebrae (Lovelace et al., 2007, pg. 531), but now it's referred to as the 9th cervical vertebrae (SVPOW, 2016) (Taylor and Wedel, 2016).
9th Cervical Vertebrae:
Centrum Length:
-138 cm (Lovelace et al., 2007, pg. 530 "Results").
-*137 cm. (SVPOW, 2016) (Taylor and Wedel, 2016)
-118.3 cm (at best). (Measured on 1/14/20 in Lovelace et al., 2007, pg. 531)
AMNH Specimen from Taylor and Wedel (2016):
Cervical Centrum 9 Length: 68.5 cm.
Length: 25.1 meters.
118.3 - 68.5 = 49.8.
49.8/68.5*100 = 72.7% increase.
25.1 m + 72.7% = 142 feet (43.4 meters).
137 - 68.5 = 68.5.
68.5/68.5*100 = 100% increase.
25.1 m + 100% = 165 feet (50.2 meters).
BYU 9024's Total Length: 165 feet (50.2 meters).
Link:
Lovelace et al., (2007) (Pg. 530, 531, and 542):
SVPOW (2016):
Taylor and Wedel (2016):
Time/Place:
Jensen and Padian (1989):
National Park Service (Retrieved on 1/6/20):
Fossilworks:
Brezinski and Dollar (2018) ("Abstract"):
Tschoop et al., (2015) (Pg. 6 Table 2):
Link 2:
Barosaurus' Total Length: 53-165 feet (16.1-50.2 meters).
6. Brontosaurus:
Time: Kimmeridgian-Tithonian of the late Jurassic Period: 157-145 million years ago.
Place: North America.
B. parvus:
Specimen CM 563:
Cervical Vertebra Centrum 10 Length: 47.5 cm (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 196).
Humerus: 110 cm (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 217).
Femur: 171 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 232)
Scapula: 166 cm (Estimated) (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 216).
Diplodocus longus YPM 1920:
Femur: 162 cm.
Body: 25.2 m.
171 - 162 = 9.
9/162*100 = 5.6% increase.
25.2 m + 5.6% = 87 feet (26.6 meters).
B. parvus' Total Length: 87 feet (26.6 meters).
Links:
Gilmore (1936) (pg. 196):
Wedel (2013) (Figure 17):
2. B. excelsus:
FM 7163 (Holotype):
Femur Length: 183 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 232)
Femur: 180 cm.
Length: 28.0 meters.
180 - 183 = 3.
3/180*100 = 1.7% increase.
28 m + 1.7% = 94 feet (28.5 meters).
B. excelsus' Total Length: 94 feet (28.5 meters).
Gilmore (1936) (pg. 232):
Brontosaurus' Total Length: 87-94 feet (26.6-28.5 meters).
7. Apatosaurus:
Apatosaurus from Allosaurus: A Walking With Dinosaurs Special:
Time: Kimmeridgian-Tithonian of the late Jurassic period: 157-145 million years ago.
Place: North America.
1. A. louisae:
CM 3018 (Holotype):
Femur: 178.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 232)
Humerus: 115 cm (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 217).
Dorsal Vertebrae 5:
Height: 106 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201)
Centrum Width: 33.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201)
Scapula: 164 cm (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 217).
Brontosaurus parvus:
Femur: 171 cm.
Body: 26.6 m.
171 - 178.5 = 7.5.
7.5/171*100 = 4.4% increase.
26.6 m + 4.4% = 91 feet (27.8 meters).
Link:
Gilmore (1936) (pg. 146, 201, and 232):
2. OMNH 1670 ("Oklahoma's Giant Apatosaurus"):
Dorsal Vertebrae 5(?) (SVPOW, April 25, 2012):
Centrum Height: 38.0 cm. (SVPOW, April 30, 2012)
Centrum Width: 46 cm. (SVPOW, April 30, 2012)
Total Vertebrae Height: 135 cm. (SVPOW, April 30, 2012) (Wendel and Taylor, 2013)
A. louisae CM 3018 (Holotype):
Dorsal Vertebrae 5:
Total Height: 106 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201) (SVPOW, April 25, 2012)
Centrum Width ("Diameter"): 33.5 cm (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201).
Femur 178.5 cm.
Body: 27.8 meters.
Vertebrae Height:
135 - 106 = 29.
29/106*100 = 27.4% increase.
27.8 m + 27.4% = 116 feet (35.4 meters).
OMNH 1670's Total Length: 116 feet (35.4 meters).
Links:
Wedel (2013):
SVPOW (April 30, 2012):
SVPOW (April 25, 2012):
Wendel and Taylor (2013):
Apatosaurus' Total Length: 91-116 feet (27.8-35.4 meters).
8. Supersaurus:
Time Period: Kimmeridgian-Tithonian of the late Jurassic period: 157-145 million years ago.
Place: North America.
S. vivianae:
The holotype is made up of different specimens, so here's the lengths of the bones from Fossilworks:
Scapula: 147.76 cm.
Coracoid: 41.09 cm.
Galeamopus pabsti:
Scapula: 137.5 cm.
Coracoid: 37.9 cm.
Body: 17.3 meters.
Scapula:
137.5 - 147.76 = 10.26.
10.26/137.5*100 = 7.5% increase.
17.3 m + 7.5% = 61 feet (18.6 meters).
Coracoid:
41.1 - 37.9 = 3.2.
3.2/37.9*100 = 8.4% increase.
17.3 m + 8.4% = 62 feet (18.8 meters).
Any length would work, but to be courteous to Supersaurus, I'll go with the coracoid length.
BYU 9025 (Holotype) (pg. 529):
Coracoid Length: 59 cm. (Measured on 9/22/19 in Lovelace et al., 2007, pg. 536)
Note: This is NOT BYU 9025. It's BYU 12962 (SVPOW, 6/25/19). SVPOW (6/25/19) questions whether or not this scapulacoracoid belongs to Supersaurus and the holotype ("Are the scapulacoracoids from the same individual?"). I'll just stick with the measurement from above. Man, I never knew how confusing Supersaurus was!
S. lourinhanensis (or Dinhierosaurus?):
-From the Jurassic of Europe.
-It's either Dinhierosaurus (Bonaparte and Mateus, 1999), or S. lourinhanensis (Fossilworks, "Supersaurus lourinhanensis") (Tschopp et al., 2015 [Look up]).
Supersaurus' Total Length: 62 feet (18.8 meters).
Lovelace et al., (2007) (pg. 536):
9. Suuwassea:
(Measurements come from Harris and Dodson, 2003, pg. 204 Table 3):
Humerus: 75.2 cm.
Fibula: 83.9 cm.
Scapula: 106.4 cm (At best) (Measured on 10/17/20 in Harris and Dodson, 2003, pg. 205 Figure 3)
Scapula:
Plateosaurus Specimen SMNS F 14:
Scapula: 47 cm.
Body: 5.9 meters.
47 - 106.4 = 59.4.
59.4/47*100 = 126.4% increase.
5.9 m + 126.4% = 44 feet (13.4 meters).
Galeamopus pabsti:
Scapula: 137.5 cm.
Body: 17.3 meters.
137.5 - 106.4 = 31.1.
31.1/137.5*100 = 22.6% decrease.
17.3 m - 22.6% = 44 feet (13.4 meters).
Humerus:
Limaysaurus:
Humerus: 92.5 cm.
Body: 21.5 cm.
92.5 - 75.2 = 17.3.
17.3/92.5*100 = 18.7% decrease.
21.5 m - 18.7% = 57 feet (17.5 meters).
Galeamopus pabsti:
Humerus: 89.3 cm.
Body: 17.3 meters.
89.3 - 75.2 = 14.1.
14.1/89.3*100 = 15.8% decrease.
17.3 m - 15.8% = 48 feet (14.6 meters).
*Fibula:
Limaysaurus:
Fibula: 88 cm.
Body: 21.5 cm.
88 - 83.9 = 4.1.
4.1/88*100 = 4.7% decrease.
21.5 m - 4.7% = 67 feet (20.5 meters).
Galeamopus pabsti:
Body: 17.3 meters.
85 - 83.9 = 1.1.
1.1/85*100 = 1.3% decrease.
17.3 m - 1.3% = 56 feet (17.1 meters).
I'll go with the fibula length based on Limaysaurus.
Suuwassea's Total Length: 56 feet (17.1 meters).
Links:
10. Amazonasaurus:
Time Period: Aptian-Albian of the early Cretaceous period: 125-101 million years ago.
Place: South America.
Holotype:
Dorsal Centrum Width (Posterier, "D"): 11 cm. (Measured in Carvalho et al., 2003, pg. 701)Dorsal Centrum Height (Posterior, "D"): 9 cm. (Measured in Carvalho et al., 2003, pg. 701)Dorsal Centrum Length (Left Lateral, "A"): 16 cm. (Measured on 9/19/19 in Carvalho et al., 2003, pg. 701)Limaysaurus Specimen MUCPv-205 (Holotype):
Dorsal Vertebrae Height: 67 cm.
Dorsal Centrum (Anterior) Height: 13 cm.
Dorsal Centrum (Posterior/Lateral) Height: 20 cm.
*Dorsal Centrum Length (Lateral): 24 cm.
Body: 21.5 meters.
Centrum Length:
24 - 16 = 8.
8/24*100 = 33.3% decrease.
21.5 m - 33.3% = 47 feet (14.3 meters).
Amazonsaurus' Total Length: 47 feet (14.3 meters).
Link:
Carvalho et al., (2003) (pg. 701):
11. Rebbachisaurus:
Time: Cenomanian of the late Cretaceous period: 101-94 million years ago.
Place: Africa.
Right scapula: 113 cm. (Wilson and Allain, 2014, Table 2)
Posterior Dorsal Vertebrae:
*Height: 140 cm (Total). (Measured on 1/14/20 in Wilson and Allain, 2014, Figure 3, "C," Posterior)
Centrum Height: 24 cm (At best). (Measured on 1/14/20 in Wilson and Allain, 2014, Figure 3, "C," Posterior)
Centrum Width: 25 cm (Measured on 9/1/20 in Wilson and Allain, 2014, Figure 3, "B," Lateral)
A. louisae Specimen CM 3018 (Holotype):
Femur: 178.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 232)
Humerus: 115 cm (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 217).
Dorsal Vertebrae 9:
Height: 135 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201)
Centrum Length: 25.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201)
Centrum Width: 31.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201)
Length: 27.8 meters.
Dorsal Vertebra Height:
140 - 135 = 5.
5/135*100 = 3.7% increase.
27.8 m + 3.7% = 93 feet (28.2 meters).
Rebbachisaurus' Total Length: 93 feet (28.2 meters).
Link:
Wilson and Allain (2014):
12. Maraapunisaurus:
Time: Kimmeridgian-Tithonian of the late Jurassic Period: 157-145 million years ago.
Place: North America.
Length Estimate: 30.3-32 meters. (Carpenter, 2018, Abstract)
Dorsal Vertebra Height (Posterior View):
-2.4 meters (Carpenter, 2018, pg. 238)
Centrum Height:
-54 cm. (Measured on 1/12/20 in Carpenter, 2018, pg. 228)
Femur:
-12 feet (366 cm) (Estimated). (Osborn and Mook, 1912, pg. 278)
(Note: Woodruff and Foster, 2014, pg. 214 said the femur would have been "over 3.6 meters" long. Then they gave 3.17-4.76 meters)
-2.9 meters (Carpenter, 2018, pg. 238).
-3-3.5 meters (Paul, 2019, pg. 352). (I'm going with 300 cm, just to be safe).
Rebbachisaurus:
Posterior Dorsal Vertebrae:
*Height (Posterior): 140 cm (Total).
Centrum Height (Posterior): 24 cm (At best).
Femur: 185.1 cm.
Length: 28.2 meters.
Vertebra Height:
240 - 140 = 100.
100/140*100 = 71.4% increase.
28.2 m + 71.4% = 159 feet (48.3 meters).
Maraapunisaurus' Total Length: 159 feet (48.3 meters).
Macronaria:
1. Saltasaurus:
(All bones were measured by me):
Femur: 90 cm. (Measured in Pangea Network of Italian Nature Museums)
Tibia: 48 cm. (Measured in Pangea Network of Italian Nature Museums)
Humerus: 66 cm. (Measured in Pangea Network of Italian Nature Museums)
Note: All of the bones come from different individuals, and not one belongs to the holotype (Powell, 1992, pg. 4, "Definition of the subfamily": "Genus").
Femur:
Plateosaurus Specimen IFG:
Femur: 99 cm.
Body: 9.2 m.
90 - 99 = 9.
9/99*100 = 9.1% decrease.
9.2 m - 9.1% = 28 feet (8.4 meters).
Humerus:Plateosaurus Specimen SMNS F 14:
Humerus: 41 cm.
Femur: 63.5 cm.
Tibia: 55 cm.
Fibula: 52.5 cm.
Body: 5.9 meters.
41 - 66 = 25.25/41*100 = 61% increase.5.9 m + 61% = 31 feet (9.5 meters).
Tibia:Plateosaurus Specimen SMNS F 14:
Humerus: 41 cm.
Femur: 63.5 cm.
Tibia: 55 cm.
Fibula: 52.5 cm.
Body: 5.9 meters.
55 - 48 = 7.
7/55*100 = 12.7% decrease.
5.9 m - 12.7% = 17 feet (5.2 meters).
2. Epachthosaurus:
Femur: 109.5 cm (Martinez et al., 2004, pg. 117 Table 5).
Humerus (Left): 93.5 cm (Martinez et al., 2004, pg. 117 Table 2).
Femur:
Plateosaurus Specimen IFG:
Femur: 99 cm.
Body: 9.2 m.
99 - 109.5 = 10.5.
10.5/99*100 = 10.6% increase.
9.2 m + 10.6% = 34 feet (10.2 meters).
*Humerus:
Plateosaurus engelhardti Specimen SMNS F 14:
Humerus: 41 cm.
Femur: 63.5 cm.
Tibia: 55 cm.
Fibula: 52.5 cm.
Body: 5.9 meters.
41 - 93.5 = 52.5.
52.5/41*100 = 128.1% increase.
5.9 m + 128.1% = 44 feet (13.5 meters).
Plateosaurus Specimen IFG:
Humerus: 63.9 cm. (41 cm + 55.9% = 63.9 cm).
Body: 9.2 m.
63.9 - 93.5 = 29.6.
29.6/63.9*100 = 46.3% increase.
9.2 m + 46.3% = 44 feet (13.5 meters).
Saltasaurus Humerus Specimen:
Humerus: 66 cm.
Body: 9.5 meters.
66 - 93.5 = 27.5.
27.5/66*100 = 41.7% increase.
9.5 m + 41.7% = 44 feet (13.5 meters).
Epachthosaurus' Total Length: 44 feet (13.5 meters).
Link:
Martinez et al., (2004) (Pg. 117 Table 5):
Time:
Casal et al., (2009) ("Abstract," "Introduction" p. 1, pg. 556-558):
Casal et al., (2016) (Pg. 56 "Edad de la Formacion Bajo Barreal," pg. 57):
3. Aegyptosaurus:
Femur: 129 cm ((?)Benson et al., 2014, Supplementary Materials) (Stromer, 1932, pg. 8 Table 2).
Humerus: 100 cm ((?)Benson et al., 2014, Supplementary Materials) (Stromer, 1932, pg. 8 Table 2).
Epachthosaurus:
Femur: 109.5 cm.
Humerus: 93.5 cm.
*Femur:
129 - 109.5 = 19.5.
19.5/109.5*100 = 17.8% increase.
13.5 m + 17.8% = 52 feet (15.9 meters).
Humerus:
100 - 93.5 = 6.5.
6.5/93.5*100 = 7% increase.
13.5 m + 7% = 48 feet (14.5 meters).
Aegyptosaurus' Total Length: 52 feet (15.9 meters).
Links:
(?)Benson et al., (2014) (Supplementary Materials):
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?type=supplementary&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853.s011
Paper:
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853
Stromer (1932) (German):
https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Abhandlungen-Akademie-Bayern_NF_10_0001-0021.pdf
4. Zhuchengtitan:
Humerus: 108 cm (Mo et al., 2017, pg. 2) (Translated):
Humerus: 100 cm.
Body: 15.9 meters.
108 - 100 = 8.
8/100*100 = 8% increase.
15.9 m + 8% = 56 feet (17.2 meters).
Zhuchengtitan's Total Length: 56 feet (17.2 meters).
Links:
5. Elaltitan:
Humerus: 130 cm (Mannion and Otero, 2012, pg. 627 Table 6).
Femur:
115 cm (Incomplete) (Mannion and Otero, 2012, pg. 632 Table 7) (Lacovara et al., 2014, pg. 5 Table 1).
Completed: 231 cm (Estimated to be the exact same length as "A". giganteus' specimen MLP 26-316) (Mannion and Otero, 2012, pg. 632 "Femur").
I'm not sure how big the femur of Elaltitan would have been, so I'm going on the length of the humerus.
Zhuchengtitan:
Humerus: 108 cm.
Body: 17.2 meters.
130 - 108 = 22.
22/108*100 = 20.4% increase.
17.2 m + 20.4% = 68 feet (20.7 meters).
Elaltitan's Total Length: 68 feet (20.7 meters).
Link:
Mannion and Otero (2012):
Lacovara et al., (2014) (Pg. 5 Table 1):
6. Argyrosaurus:
Humerus: 137 cm. (Mannion and Otero, 2012, pg. 618, Table 1)
Elaltitan:
Humerus: 130 cm.
Body: 20.7 meters.
130 - 137 = 7.
7/130*100 = 5.4% increase.
20.7 m + 5.4% = 72 feet (21.8 meters).
Argyrosaurus' Total Length: 72 feet (21.8 meters).
Link:
Mannion and Otero (2012) (Pg. 618, Table 1):
Cedarosaurus from Dinosaur Revolution:
Femur: 139.5 cm (Tidwell, 1999, pg. 36).
Humerus: 138 cm (Tidwell, 1999, pg. 36).
Argyrosaurus:
Humerus: 137 cm.
Body: 21.8 meters.
138 - 137 = 1.
1/137*100 = 0.7% increase.
21.8 m + 0.7% = 72 feet (22.0 meters).
Cedarosaurus' Total Length: 72 feet (22.0 meters).
Links:
Tidwell et al., (1999) (pg. 36):
8. Andesaurus:
MUCPv-132 (Holotype):Femur: 155 cm (Calvo and Bonaparte, 1991).
Note: This is the only conclusive specimen of Andesaurus (Mannion and Calvo, 2011, "Additional Remains Referred To Andesaurus" p. 3).
Cedarosaurus:
Femur: 139.5 cm
Body: 22.0 meters.
155 - 139.5 = 15.5.
15.5/139.5*100 = 11.1% in.
22.0 m + 11.1% = 80 feet (24.4 meters).
Andesaurus' Total Length: 80 feet (24.4 meters).
9. Ligabuesaurus:
(All figures are from Bonaparte et al., 2006):
Femur: 166 cm.
Humerus: 149 cm.
Andesaurus:
Femur: 155 cm.
Body: 24.4 meters.
166 - 155 = 11.
11/155*100 = 7.1% increase.
24.4 m + 7.1% = 86 feet (26.1 meters).
Ligabuesaurus' Total Length: 86 feet (26.1 meters).
Link:
Bonaparte et al., (2006):
10. Chubutisaurus:
MPEF-PV 1129 (Holotype) (All bones belong to one individual [pg. 94]):
Femur: 170 cm.
Humerus: 146 cm.
Tibia: 101 cm.
Ligabuesaurus:
Femur: 166 cm.
Body: 26.1 meters.
166 - 170 = 4.
4/166*100 = 2.4% increase.
26.1 m + 2.4% = 88 feet (26.7 meters).
Chubutisaurus' Total Length: 88 feet (26.7 meters).
Link:
Carballido et al., (2011):
11. Camarasaurus:Camarasaurus from When Dinosaurs Roamed America:
Femur: 180 cm (Wilson and Sereno, 1998, Table 3):
Chubutisaurus:
Femur: 170 cm.
Humerus: 146 cm.
Tibia: 101 cm.
Length: 26.7 meters.
180 - 170 = 10.
10/170*100 = 5.9% increase.
26.7 m + 5.9% = 93 feet (28.3 meters).
Camarasaurus' Total Length: 93 feet (28.3 meters).
Links:
Dinosaur National Monument:
12. Alamosaurus:
1. SMP VP-1625:
Femur: 185 cm (Fowler and Sullivan, 2011).
Camarasaurus Specimen 2:
Femur: 180 cm.
Body: 28.3 meters.
180 - 185 = 5.
5/180*100 = 2.8% increase.
28.3 m + 2.8% = 96 feet (29.1 meters).
Link:Fowler and Sullivan (2011):
2. Tibia (Rivera-Sylva et al., 2006):
Length: 183 cm. (Measured myself)
Referred to Alamosaurus (p. 67).Dreadnaughtus:
Scapula: 174 cm.
Humerus: 160 cm.
Ilium: 131 cm.
Femur: 191 cm.
Tibia: 120.
Fibula: 103 cm.
Length: 30 meters.
120 - 183 = 63.63/120*100 = 52.5% increase.30 m + 52.5% = 150 feet (45.8 meters).
Ruyangosaurus:
Tibia: 127 cm (Largest tibia of any titanosaur, according to Lacovara et al., 2014, p. 5 Table 7) (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, p. 7).
Body: 47.1 meters.
127 - 183 = 56.
56/127*100 = 44.1% increase.
47.1 m + 44.1% = 223 feet (67.9 meters).
Link:Rivera-Sylva et al., (2006):
3. SMP VP-2104:3rd or 4th Caudal Vertebra (Fowler and Sullivan, 2011):
Centrum Length: 13 cm.
Total Vertebrae Height: 70 cm.
Width: 35 cm.
Andesaurus:3rd Caudal Vertebrae Centrum Length: 15 cm. (Mannion and Calvo, 2011, Table 2)Body: 24.4 meters.
13 - 15 = 2.2/15*100 = 13.3% decrease.24.4 m - 13.3% = 70 feet (21.2 meters).
Link:Fowler and Sullivan (2011):
4. BIBE 45854:Cervical Vertebra 10 Centrum Length ("C10/F"): 78.9 cm (Tykoski and Fiorillo, 2016, Table 2).
Patagotitan Specimen MPEF-PV 3399:Cervical Vertebrae 10 (3399/1) Centrum Length: 74.5 cm (Carballido et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials, pg. 32).Body: 47.9 meters.78.9 - 74.5 = 4.4.4.4/74.5*100 = 5.9% increase.47.9 m + 5.9% = 166 feet (50.7 meters).
Cervical Vertebra 9 Centrum Length: 77 cm (Tykoski and Fiorillo, 2016, Table 2).
Dreadnoughtus:
9th Cervical Centrum Length: 113 cm.
Body: 30 m.
77 - 113 = 36.
36/113*100 = 31.9% decrease.
30 m - 31.9% = 67 feet (20.4 meters).
I don't know which length would best fit this specimen, but just to be cautious, I'll go by the length based on Dreadnaughtus.
BIBE 45854's Total Length: 67 feet (20.4 meters).
Link:Photo:https://images.app.goo.gl/kS8DMSkpGix81oY88Website:https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-articulated-cervical-series-of-Alamosaurus-1922-Tykoski-Fiorillo/589195fd3179fe370570d1cbf4878f6c23bf11ec/figure/4
5. SMP VP-1850:Cervical Vertebrae (Fowler and Sullivan, 2011):Length: 112 cm.Centrum Length: 104 cm (At best). (Measured on 9/16/19 in Fowler and Sullivan, 2011, pg. 686, "A2")Might be Cervical Vertebrae 9(?). (My estimate)Fowler and Sullivan (2011) couldn't identify the position of this vertebrae (pg. 687). However, based on BIBE 45854, it looks like the vertebrae could have been in position 6-9 (at best), due to the drawing in Fowler and Sullivan (2011) (pg. 686), a picture from the Montana State University (2011), and Tykoski and Fiorillo (2016) (Figure 3). The arch seems to indicate to me that it would be placed in that position.Mike (2011) shows a reconstruction of the vertebrae, and it appears that the vertebrae might have been in position 7 or 8 (based on BIBE 45854). However, just to be safe, I'll go with cervical vertebrae 9.
Update (2/20/21): I've decided to go with the largest centrum length from BIBE 45854.
Alamosaurus Specimen BIBE 45854:Cervical vertebrae 9 ("C9/E") centrum length: 77 cm. ((Tykoski and Fiorillo, 2016, Table 2).
Cervical vertebra 12 centrum length: 81 cm.
Body: 20.4 meters.Cervical vertebra 9:
77 - 104 = 27.27/77*100 = 35.1% increase.20.4 m + 35.1% = 91 feet (27.6 meters).
Cervical vertebra 12:
81 - 104 = 23.
23/81*100 = 28.4% increase.
20.4 m + 28.4% = 86 feet (26.2 meters).
SMP VP-1850's Total Length: 86 feet (26.2 meters).
Links:Fowler and Sullivan (2011):
Alamosaurus' Total Length: 67-223 feet (20.4-67.9 meters).
13. Dreadnaughtus:
MPM-PV 1156 (Holotype) (Measurements from Lacovara et al., 2014, pg. 5, Table 1):
Scapula: 174 cm.
Humerus: 160 cm.
Ilium: 131 cm.
Pubis: 126 cm.
Femur: 191 cm.
Tibia: 120.
Fibula: 103 cm.
Alamosaurus Specimen SMP VP-1625:
Femur: 185 cm.
Body: 29.1 meters.
Femur:
191 - 185 = 6.
6/185*100 = 3.2% increase.
29.1 m + 3.2% = 98 feet (30.0 meters).
Dreadnaughtus' Total Length: 98 feet (30.0 meters).
Links:
Lacovara et al., (2014):
Link 2:
Time:
Lamanna et al., (2017):
Egerton et al., (2016):
Lacovara et al., (2014):
Egerton (2011):
"Abstract":
Full Thesis ("Cerro Fortaleza/Pari Aike Formation" pg. 28, 33, 37-38):
*Sickmann et al., (2018 (Figure 10):
14. Giraffatitan:
1. MB.R.2180 (Holotype):
(All measurements are reported from
Fossilworks):
Femur: 191.7 cm.
Fibula: 106.5 cm.
Scapula: 164.9 cm.
Dreadnaughtus:
Scapula: 174 cm.
Humerus: 160 cm.
Ilium: 131 cm.
Femur: 191 cm.
Tibia: 120.
Fibula: 103 cm.
Length: 30.0 meters.
191.7 - 191 = 0.7.
0.7/191*100 = 0.4% increase.
30 m + 0.4% = 99 feet (30.1 meters).
2. HMN XV2:
Fibula: 134 cm. (Paul, 1988, pg. 2, Table 1)
MB.R.2180 (Holotype):
Fibula: 106.5 cm.
Length: 30.1 meters.
134 - 106.5 = 27.5.
27.5/106.5*100 = 25.8% increase.
30.1 m + 25.8% = 124 feet (37.9 meters).
3. HMN SII:
Humerus: 213 cm (Lacovara et al., 2014, pg. 5, Table 1).
Brachiosaurus Specimen FMNH P 25107:
Humerus: 204 cm.
Length: 40.7 meters.
204 - 213 = 9.
9/204*100 = 4.4% increase.
40.7 m + 4.4% = 139 feet (42.5 meters).
4. HMN MB.R.2181:
(Lengths come from Paul, 2019, pg. 339 Table 1):
Humerus: 213 cm.
Femur: 209.0 cm.
Length (Based on HMN SII): 139 feet (42.5 meters).
Links:
MB.R.2180 (Holotype):
Fossilworks:
HMN XV2:
Paul (1988) (Pg. 3, Table 1):
HMN SII:
Lacovara et al., (2014):
Link 2:
HMN MB.R.2181:
Paul (2019) (Pg. 339 Table 1): Giraffatitan's Total Length: 99-139 feet (30.1-42.5 meters).
15. Futalognkosaurus:
MUCPv-323 (Holotype):
(Measurements from Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 12):
Humerus: 156 cm.
Femur: 198 cm. (Also in Paul, 2019, g. 339 Table 1)
Giraffatitan Holotype MB.R.2180:
Femur: 191.7 cm.
Length: 30.1 meters.
Femur:
191.7 - 198 = 6.3.
6.3/191.7*100 = 3.3% increase.
30.1 m + 3.3% = 102 feet (31.1 meters).
Futalognkosaurus' Total Length: 102 feet (31.1 meters).
Links:
Sassani and Bivens (2017) (Pg. 12):
Link 2:
Paul (2019) (Pg. 339 Table 1):
Original Papers:
First:
Second:
16. Brachiosaurus:
Brachiosaurus from Walking With Dinosaurs:
Time: Tithonian of the late Jurassic period: 152-145 million years ago. (BHIGR)
Place: North America.
1. BHIGR Femur:
Femur: 170 cm. (BHIGR)
Size (Based on Chubutisaurus): 88 feet (26.7 meters).
Link:
BHIGR:
2. BYU Specimen:
Scapula: 219 cm (Paul, 1988, pg. 2, Table 1).
Giraffatitan Holotype MB.R.2180:
Scapula: 164.9 cm.
Length: 30.1 meters.
219 - 164.9 = 54.1.
54.1/164.9*100 = 32.8% increase.
30.1 m + 32.8% = 131 feet (40.0 meters).
Link:
Gregory S. Paul (1988) (Pg. 2, Table 1):
3. FMNH P 25107:
(Measurements from Lacovara et al., 2014, pg. 5 Table 1):
Femur: 203 cm.
Humerus: 204 cm.
Futalognkosaurus:
Humerus: 156 cm.
Femur: 198 cm.
Length: 31.1 meters.
Femur:
203 - 198 = 5.
5/198*100 = 2.5% increase.
31.1 m + 2.5% = 105 feet (31.9 meters).
*Humerus:
156 - 204 = 48.
48/156*100 = 30.8% increase.
31.1 m + 30.8% = 134 feet (40.7 meters).
Link:
Lacovara et al., (2014):
Brachiosaurus' Total Length: 88-134 feet (26.7-40.7 meters).
Time: Cenomanian of the late Cretaceous period: 101-94 million years ago.
Place: South America.
1. Femur Assigned to Puertasaurus:
Length: 222 cm (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 28).
Brachiosaurus Specimen FMNH P 25107:
Femur: 203 cm.
Length: 40.7 meters.
222 - 203 = 19.
19/203*100 = 9.4% increase.
40.7 m + 9.4% = 146 feet (44.5 meters).2. MPM 10002:
Cervical Vertebrae 9 (Novas et al., 2005):
Length: 118 cm. (pg. 37)
Width: 140 cm. (pg. 38)
Dorsal Vertebrae 2 (Novas et al., 2005):
Height: 106 cm.
Width: 168 cm.
Centrum Length: 46 cm (At best). (Measured on 9/16/19 in Novas et al., 2005, pg. 39, "B")
Centrum Width: 60 cm. (SVPOW, 2017)
Argentinosaurus Holotype PVPH-1:
Second(?) Dorsal Vertebrae (Bonaparte and Coria, 1993, pg. 4-5):
Height: 115 cm.
Posterior Vertebrae Body/Centrum:
Length: 47 cm.
Width: 60 cm.
Body: 51.8 meters.
Dorsal Vertebrae Centrum 2 Length:
47 - 46 = 1.
1/47*100 = 2.1% decrease.
51.8 m - 2.1% = 166 feet (50.7 meters).
Puertasaurus's dorsal vertebrae 2 has a similar centrum width as in the holotype of Argentinosaurus', despite having a smaller height. Novas et al., (2005) says that Puertasaurus' dorsal vertebrae 2 is wider than dorsal 4(?) of the Argentinosaurus holotype by 45 cm. Bonaparte and Coria (1993) don't name a dorsal vertebrae 4, but the first(?) dorsal vertebrae's width is 129 cm. Perhaps that's what Novas et al., (2005) is referring to, but I'll stick with my own size estimate.
Puertasaurus' Total Length: 146-166 feet (44.5-50.7 meters).
Dorsal Centrum:
SVPOW (2017):
Fowler and Sullivan (2011):
Pari Aike Formation is Mata Amarilla Formation:
Egerton (2011) (Pg. 52-53):
Link 2:
Time:
Varela et al., (2012) ("Abstract"):
Link 2:
18. "Antarctosaurus":
"A". giganteus:
1. MLP 23-316 (Holotype):
Femur: 235 cm. (Mazzetta et al., 2004, pg. 2)
Puertasaurus Femur:
Femur: 222 cm.
Length: 44.5 meters.
222 - 235 = 13.
13/222*100 = 5.9% increase.
44.5 m + 5.9% = 155 feet (47.1 meters).
Link:
Mazzetta et al., (2004) (Pg. 2):
2. MLP 26-316:
Femur: 231 cm (Paul, 2019, pg. 339 Table 1) (Mannion and Otero, 2012, pg. 632 "Femur").
Puertasaurus Femur:
Femur: 222 cm.
Length: 44.5 meters.
222 - 231 = 9.
9/222*100 = 4.1% increase.
44.5 m + 4.1% = 152 feet (46.3 meters).
Link:
Paul (2019) (Pg. 339 Table 1): Mannion and Otero (2012):
"Antarctosaurus'" Total Length: 152-155 feet (46.3-47.1 meters).
19. Ruyangosaurus:
Femur: 235 cm. (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 7)
Length (Based on "A". giganteus specimen MLP 23-316): 155 feet (47.1 meters).
Largest Femur (3400/27): 236 cm. (Carballido et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials, pg. 34)
"A". giganteus MLP 23-316 (Holotype):
2. MPEF-PV 3399:
Femur (3399/44): 238 cm (Largest). (Carballido et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials, pg. 34) (SVPOW, 2017)
MPEF-PV 3400 (Holotype):
Femur: 235 cm.
Body: 47.3 meters.
235 - 238 = 3.
3/235*100 = 1.3% increase.
47.3 m + 1.3% = 157 feet (47.9 meters).
Links:
Carballido et al., (2017):
21. Argentinosaurus:1. PVPH-1 (Holotype):
Femur:
-250 cm. (Bonaparte, 1996, mentioned in Mazzetta et al., 2004, pg. 7) (SVPOW, 2017)
-257.5 cm (Paul, 2019, pg. 339, Table 1).
Fibula:
-(Mazzetta et al., 2004, pg. 6): 155 cm. (Bonaparte and Coria, 1993, pg. 7)
-160 cm (Novas, 2009, pg. 205).
First(?) Dorsal Vertebrae:
Width: 129 cm. (Bonaparte and Coria, 1993, pg. 3)
Second(?) Dorsal Vertebrae (Bonaparte and Coria, 1993, pg. 4-5):
Height: 115 cm.
Posterior Vertebrae Body/Centrum:
Length: 47 cm.
Width: 60 cm.
Largest Posterior Dorsal Body/Centrum:
Length: 50 cm. (Bonaparte and Coria, 1993, pg. 5)
Width:
Anterior: 46 cm. (Bonaparte and Coria, 1993, pg. 5)
Posterior: 60 cm. (Bonaparte and Coria, 1993, pg. 5) (SVPOW, 2017)
2. MLP-DP 46-VIII-21-3:
Femur:
-About 250 cm. ("Same size as holotype") (Mazzetta et al., 2004, pg. 7)
-257.5 cm (Paul, 2019, pg. 339, Table 1).
Length (Based on holotype): 170 feet (51.8 meters)
Link:
Mazzetta et al., (2004):
Paul (2019):
http://www.gspauldino.com/Titanomass.pdfArgentinosaurus' Total Length: 170 feet (51.8 meters).
Humerus: 169 cm (Smith et al., 2001, pg. 1705).
FSAC-KK 01 (Titanosauria from Ibrahim et al., 2016):
Humerus: 157.5 cm.
Body: 31.4 meters.
157.5 - 169 = 11.5.
11.5/157.5*100 = 7.3% increase.
31.4 m + 7.3% = 111 feet (33.7 meters).
Paralititan's Total Length: 111 feet (33.7 meters).
Link:
Smith et al., (2001):
Humerus: 176 cm (Paul, 2019, Table 1).
Paralititan:
Humerus: 169 cm.Length: 33.7 meters.
169 - 176 = 7.7/169*100 = 4.1% increase.33.7 m + 4.1% = 115 feet (35.1 meters).Notocolossus' Total Length: 115 feet (35.1 meters).Links:
Paul (2019):
http://www.gspauldino.com/Titanomass.pdfOriginal Paper and Time:
Riga et al., (2016):
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep1916525. Bruhathkayosaurus:
Time: Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous period: 72-66 million years ago.
Place: Asia.
The bones of this animal have disappeared, but some bone measurements have been published.
Tibia or Femur: 2.0 meters. (Galton and Ayyasami, 2017, pg. 2).
*Tibia (Paul and Larramendi, 2023, Table 1): 2.0 meters.
*Femur (Paul and Larramendi, 2023, Table 3 [estimated]): 310.5 cm (largest estimate).
Humerus: 2.34 meters (estimated). (Mickey Mortimer, 2001)
Ilium: 1.2 meters long. (Galton and Ayyasami, 2017, pg. 2)
Femur Distal Condylar Width: 75 cm. (Galton and Ayyasami, 2017, pg. 2)
Edit (6/15/20): Paul (2019) says that the tibia seems to be a "degraded" femur (pg. 350 and 352). Interestingly, Matt Wedel (2008) said this could have been the case as well ("And in this corner, the contenders: sauropods!," p. 3). Paul (2019) also says that the ilium is about the same size as Dreadnaughtus' (pg. 350 and 352). Therefore, I'll go with the ilium and femur lengths from comparisons with Dreadnaughtus.
Dreadnaughtus:
Scapula: 174 cm.
Humerus: 160 cm.
Ilium: 131 cm.
Femur: 191 cm.
Tibia: 120.
Fibula: 103 cm.
Length: 30 meters.
*Ilium:
131 - 120 = 11.
11/131*100 = 8.4% decrease.
30 m - 8.4% = 90 feet (27.5 meters).
Femur(?):
191 - 200 = 9.
9/191*100 = 4.7% increase.
30 m + 4.7% = 103 feet (31.4 meters).
The ilium hasn't been reassigned as another bone, so I think it would be better to go with that size estimate. The distal width of a femur, humerus (no actual bone exists), and tibia or femur lengths don't seem to be reliable. Therefore, 33.3 meters (from the ilium) seems to be a safe winner.
Update (8/3/23):
Tibia (Paul and Larramendi, 2023, Table 1): 2.0 meters.
Femur (Paul and Larramendi, 2023, Table 3 [estimated]): 310.5 cm (largest estimate).
Femur:
Argentinosaurus holotype PVPH-1:
Femur: 257.5 cm.
Body Length: 170 feet (51.8 meters).
310.5 - 257.5 = 53.
53/257.5*100 = 20.6% increase.
51.8 m + 20.5% = 205 feet (62.5 meters).
*Tibia:
Dreadnaughtus:
Scapula: 174 cm.
Humerus: 160 cm.
Ilium: 131 cm.
Femur: 191 cm.
Tibia: 120.
Fibula: 103 cm.
Length: 30 meters.
120 - 200 = 80.
80/120*100 = 66.7% increase.
30 m + 66.7% = 164 feet (50.01 meters).
Ruyangosaurus:
Tibia: 127 cm (Largest tibia of any titanosaur, according to Lacovara et al., 2014, p. 5 Table 7) (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, p. 7).
Body: 47.1 meters.
127 - 200 = 73.
73/127*100 = 57.5% increase.
47.1 m + 57.5% = 243 feet (74.2 meters).
Since the tibia was preserved better than the femur, I'm going to go with that length.
Bruhathkayosaurus' Total Length: 243 feet (74.2 meters).
Prothero (2019) (pg. 161):
Mickey Mortimer (2004):
Humerus:
Mickey Mortimer (2001):
26. MMCH-Pv 47 (2011 Candeleros Formation Titanosaur indet.):
Anterior Caudal Vertebrae 2 Centrum Length: 15.5 cm (Canale et al., 2011, pg. 656).
Andesaurus:
Caudal Vertebrae 2 Centrum Length: 15.3 cm (Mannion and Calvo, 2011, Table 2).
Length: 24.4 meters.
15.5 - 15.3 = 0.2.
0.2/15.3*100 = 1.3% increase.
24.4 m + 1.3% = 81 feet (24.7 meters).
MMCH-Pv 47's Total Length: 81 feet (24.7 meters).
Link:
Canale et al., (2011) (pg. 656):
27. Sauroposeidon:
Time: Aptian-Albian of the late Cretaceous period.
Place: North America.
Cervical Vertebrae 7 Centrum Length: 123 cm. (Wedel, 2000, pg. 353, Table 1)
Patagotitan Holotype MPEF-PV
3400:Cervical Vertebrae 7 Centrum Length: 120 cm (broken). (Carballido et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials, pg. 32)
Body: 47.3 meters.
120 - 123 = 3.3/120*100 = 2.5% increase.47.3 m + 2.5% = 159 feet (48.5 meters).
Sauroposeidon: 159 feet (48.5 meters).
Links:
Wedel et al., (2000):
https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app45/app45-343.pdf Other Length:
Wedel and Cifelli (2005) (Pg. 38):
Link 2:
28. MUCPv-251 (1999 Sauropoda gen et. sp. indet. from Candeleros Formation):
Calvo (1999) (Pg. 26):
-MUCPv-251: Dorsal vertebra and rib.
-Rib is 175 cm long, but it's partial/the proximal half. ("Proximal" means closer to the body, as explained by Merriam-Webster and Lexico)
-Width at proximal end: 21 cm.
-Width at distal end: 12 cm.
-Rib is probably a dorsal, but I'm making that assumption because Calvo says that the vertebra found with the rib is probably a dorsal.
-Calvo thinks there's a possibility that these bones could be related with Argentinosaurus. However, I can't find any other papers that talk about this specimen.
Size:1. Proximal Part of Rib Length:Ruyangosaurus:
Dorsal Rib Length: 127 cm (proximal portion) (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 8).
Length: 47.1 meters.
127 - 175 = 48.
48/127*100 = 37.8% increase.
47.1 m + 37.8% = 213 feet (64.9 meters).
Hypothetically Complete Rib for Ruyangosaurus:
"Huangetitan" ruyangensis' Largest Dorsal Rib Length: 293 cm (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 28).
Width: 17.2 cm (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 15).
Ruyangosaurus' Dorsal Rib Width: 18 cm (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 15).
Dorsal Rib Length (Proximal half only): 127 cm (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 8).
Body Length:
47.1 meters.
17.2 - 18 = 0.8.
0.8/17.2*100 = 4.7% increase.
293 cm + 4.7% = 306.8 cm for Ruyangosaurus' complete dorsal rib.
Hypothetically Complete Rib for
MUCPv-251:Ruyangosaurus:
Dorsal Rib Length (Complete): 306.8 cm.
Width: 18 cm (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 15).
Length: 47.1 meters.
21 - 18 = 3.
3/18*100 = 16.7% increase.
306.8 + 16.7% = 358 cm for MUCPv-251's complete dorsal rib.
2. Hypothetically Complete Rib Length:
Ruyangosaurus:
Dorsal Rib Length (Complete): 306.8 cm.
Width: 18 cm (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 15).
Length: 47.1 meters.
306.8 - 358 = 51.2.
51.2/306.8*100 = 16.7% increase.
47.1 m + 16.7% = 181 feet (55.0 meters).
Given the length of the animal, this was probably a titanosaur. Calvo (1999) said that a further examination of the specimen could deduce, or not, whether the specimen has any relationship with Argentinosaurus (p. 26). These were the largest animals from the Candeleros Formation. The rebbachisaur Limaysaurus was 71-84 feet long (21.5-25.6 meters), so it seems very unlikely that this specimen belongs to Limaysaurus. Within the Candeleros Formation, there are the titanosaurs Andesaurus at 80 feet long (24.4 meters), and MMCH-Pv 47 at 81 feet long (24.7 meters). The size of MUCPv-251 puts it up there with Argentinosaurus! Since I cannot find any other sources on this animal, I will place it as a titanosaur based on its size. Argentinosaurus was the largest titanosaur from South America. Based on MUCPv-251's size, this could potentially be the oldest recorded specimen of Argentinosaurus.
MUCPv-251 could also be the same genus as MOZPv 1221, another large titanosaur from the Candeleros Formation. Alternatively, both specimens could be Argentinosaurus!
Sassani and Bivens (2017) (Pg. 7-8, 15, and 28):
MUCPv-251's Total Length: 181 feet (55.0 meters).
29. FSAC-KK 7000 (Titanosauria from Ibrahim et al., 2016):
Caudal vertebra is positioned between 11-15 (Ibrahim et al., 2016, pg. 150 "Description": "General;" pg. 152 "Discussion": "Anatomical Position, Ontogenetic Stage, and Dimensions").
Centrum Length: 26 cm (Table 1).
Andesaurus:
Caudal Vertebra 14 Centrum Length: 13.2 cm (largest between 11-15) (Mannion and Calvo, 2011, Table 2).
Length: 24.4 meters.
26 - 13.2 = 12.8.
12.8/13.2*100 = 97% increase.
24.4 m + 97% = 158 feet (48.1 meters).
Dreadnaughtus:
Caudal vertebra 12 centrum length: 29.5 cm (largest one between 11-15) (Lacovara et al., 2014, Supplementary Materials pg. 39).
Caudal vertebra 15 centrum length: 26.1 cm (Lacovara et al., 2014, Supplementary Materials pg. 39).
Length: 30 meters.
Caudal vertebra 12:
26 - 29.5 = 3.5.
3.5/29.5*100 = 11.9% decrease.
30 m - 11.9% = 87 feet (26.4 meters).
*Caudal vertebra 15:
26 - 26.1 = 0.1.
0.1/26.1*100 = 0.4% decrease.
30 m - 0.4% = 98 feet (29.9 meters).
FSAC-KK 7000's Total Length: 98 feet (29.9 meters).
Links:
Ibrahim et al., 2016:
Mannion and Calvo (2011) (Table 2):
Lacovara et al., (2014):
Link 2:
30. Astrodon:
Femur: 200 cm (Estimated) (Kranz, No date, "Abstract" p. 3) (Maryland Geological Society, "Maryand's State Dinosaur (Astrodon johnstoni)" p. 9).
Futalognkosaurus:
Humerus: 156 cm.
Femur: 198 cm.
Length: 31.1 meters.
198 - 200 = 2.
2/198*100 = 1.
31.1 m + 1% = 101 feet (31.4 meters).
Astrodon's Total Length: 101 feet (31.4 meters).
Links:
Kranz (No date) ("Abstract" p. 3):
Family:
(?)Mannion et al., (2013):
31. MOZ Pv 1221 (2020 Titanosaur from Candeleros Formation):Note: I used my UMD student source to access the paper. I am a 2021 transfer student at UMD.
New 2021 titanosaur (MOZ Pv 1221) with other smaller sauropods from the Candeleros Formation (Otero et al., 2021. Figure 5) (Scale bar is 2 meters):
Last year, I wrote a post that talked about a possible specimen of giant sauropod (probably a titanosaur, and either closely related to, or is, Argentinosaurus) from the Candeleros Formation. Now, it seems that there is another titanosaur that coexisted with Giganotosaurus in the Candeleros Formation. It is said to have even 40 tons or more, and even been bigger than Patagotitan and probably Argentinosaurus (Otero et al., 20201, "Abstract") (Ian Randall, 2021) (Amy Woodyatt, 2021) (Bob Yirka, 2021)! The specimen is catalogued as MOZ Pv 1221.MOZ Pv 1221 Phylogenetic Tree (Figure 4):
Discovery Site and List of Bones (Figure 1):
Scale bar length for silhouette of titanosaur is 2 meters:
Coracoid (Figure 3):
Scale bar for coracoid is 10 cm:
Caudal (Tail) Vertebrae (Figure 2):
Scale bar for caudal vertebrae is 10 cm:
Centrum lengths for caudal vertebrae (Table 1):
I said in my post on the probable (?)Argentinosaurus specimen from Candeleros Formation that it was weird that Giganotosaurus carolinii never had giant titanosaurs to hunt within the Candeleros Formation, while it probably did hunt Patagotitan since it lived in the Albian alongside G.
carolinii, but it came from a different formation. G. (Mapusaurus)
roseae always hunted larger titanosaurs (Argentinosaurus and Puertasaurus, to name a few) than G.
carolinii did in the Candeleros Formation (only the 80-foot long Andesaurus, but that (?)Argentinosaurus specimen is still there...). Perhaps this new unnamed giant titanosaur is related to that (?)Argentinosaurus/mystery titanosaur from Calvo (1999)?
All I know is that G. carolinii finally has a giant titanosaur to tangle with! I will try to extrapolate a length for this animal once I can get the measurements! For now, I would say that this new titanosaur might be the same size, or perhaps bigger, than Patagotitan, just to be safe.
Size Estimation of MOZ Pv 1221:
I can't access the actual paper, but I've decided to try and formulate a size estimate for MOZ Pv 1221.
Caudal Vertebra:
I decided to do the vertebra first. I measured the centrum length of caudal 4 (C4). I don't know how long the scale bar is, so I measured it using an estimated 5 and 10 cm each. Using 5 cm, I obtained a length of 18 cm for the centrum. Using 10 cm, I got 35 cm. I compared the centrum length of MOZ Pv 1221 to Dreadnaughtus.
1. Caudal Centrum 4:
Dreadnaughtus:
Centrum 4 Length: 33 cm.
Body Length: 30 m.
18 - 33 = 15.
15/33*100 = 45.5% decrease.
30 m - 45.5% = 54 feet (16.4 meters).
35 - 33 = 2.
2/33*100 = 6.1% increase.
30 m + 6.1% = 104 feet (31.8 meters).
Patagotitan:
Holotype's Centrum 4 Length: 36 cm (Carballido et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials, p. 32).
Body Length: 47.3 meters.
35 - 36 = 1.
1/36*100 = 2.8% decrease.
47.3 m - 2.8% = 151 feet (46.0 meters).
*Actual length: 32 cm.
Dreadnaughtus:
Centrum 4 Length: 33 cm.
Body Length: 30 m.
33 - 32 = 1.
1/33*100 = 3% decrease.
30 m - 3% = 96 feet (29.1 meters).
2. Caudal Centrum 11:
Length: 29 cm.
Dreadnaughtus:
Centrum 4 Length: 27.2 cm.
Body Length: 30 m.
27.2 - 29 = 1.8.
1.8/27.2*100 = 6.6% increase.
30 m + 6.6% = 105 feet (32.0 meters).
Caudal centrum 11 is unknown in Patagotitan.
Coracoid:
I measured MOZ Pv 1221's coracoid second.
5 cm: 41 cm.
*10 cm: 82 cm.
Patagotitan Holotype:
Coracoid: 61.5 cm (Carballido et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials, p. 33).
Body: 47.3 m.
41 - 61.5 = 20.5.
20.5/61.5*100 = 33.3% decrease.
47.3 m - 33.3% = 104 feet (31.6 meters).
*82 - 61.5 = 20.5
20.5/61.5*100 = 33.3% increase.
47.3 m + 33.3% = 207 feet (63.1 meters).
Dreadnaughtus:
Coracoid Length: 68 cm (Left).
Body Length: 30 m.
41 - 68 = 27.
27/68*100 = 39.7% decrease.
30 m - 39.7% = 59 feet (18.1 meters).
*82 - 68 = 14.
14/68*100 = 20.6% increase.
30 m + 20.6% = 119 feet (36.2 meters).
Update (2/3/21): The pubis has been stated as being 10% longer than Patagotitan's (Mercedes Benialgo, 2021, para. 4) (Madeleine Muzdakis, 2021, para. 3).
Mercedes Benialgo (2021) (Para. 4) (Translated):
Madeleine Muzdakis (2021) (Para. 3):Only the holotype of Patagotitan (MPEF-PV 3400) has its pubis (140 cm) preserved (
Carballido et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials, p. 34), and I got a length of 47.3 meters for it.
47.3 m + 10% = 171 feet (52.0 meters) for MOZ Pv 1221.
140 cm + 10% = 154 cm for MOZ Pv 1221's pubis.
If the scale bar for the silhouette of the titanosaur in the "Discovery Site and List of Bones" figure picture is 2 meters, then I've obtained a measurement of about 130 cm (at best) for the pubis.
Update (2/9/21): Scale bar is 2 meters, but the pubis length is 166 cm ("Discussion para. 6):
Pubis:
Length: 166 cm.
*Patagotitan Holotype:
140 - 166 = 26.
26/140*100 = 18.6% increase.
47.3 m + 18.6% = 184 feet (56.1 meters).
*New Patagotitan pubis length: 152 cm (Otero et al., 2020, p. 9 Table 2).
152 - 166 = 14.
14/152*100 = 9.2% increase.
47.3 m + 9.2% = 170 feet (51.7 meters).
Dreadnaughtus:
Pubis: 140 cm.
Body Length: 30 cm.
140 - 166 = 26.
26/140*100 = 18.6% increase.
30 m + 18.6% = 117 feet (35.6 meters).
Futalognknosaurus:
Pubis: 137 cm (Calvo et al., 2007, p. 521).
Body Length: 31.1 meters.
137 - 166 = 29.
29/137*100 = 21.2% increase.
31.1 m + 21.2% = 124 feet (37.7 meters).
In total, MOZ Pv 1221 was 170 feet long (51.7 meters), based on the pubis compared to the holotype of Patagotitan. Based on the coracoid, a wider range of 119-207 feet (36.2-63.1 meters) was obtained. I'll go with 51.7 meters, since the authors keep using the pubis length. to give their estimate.
As to whether or not MOZ is Argentinosaurus, the authors say that they don't know. Argentinosaurus is extremely fragmentary, so more MOZ bones will have to be excavated to see if it is a specimen of Argentinosaurus ("Discussion" para. 4):
There might be hope yet that MOZ is Argentinosaurus, and that Argentinosaurus coexisted with Giganotosaurus. However, that question will have to remain open.
Link:
Otero et al., (2021):
"Abstract":
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019566712100001X
Link 2:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348461418_Report_of_a_giant_titanosaur_sauropod_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_Neuquen_Province_Argentina
Specimen Name:
https://images.app.goo.gl/y3PyKdTeR8oA4e647
Discovery and List of Bones:
https://images.app.goo.gl/6PKmajb6s6KYZZCr5
Coracoid:
https://images.app.goo.gl/tvGwXytxtSigtrT76
Caudal (Tail) Vertebrae:
https://images.app.goo.gl/iveF5JwBh2LqRcG96
Mercedes Benialgo (2021) (Para. 4):
https://www.conicet.gov.ar/cientificos-del-conicet-hallan-un-gigantesco-dinosaurio-cuello-largo-en-neuquen/?fbclid=IwAR0jfIA8pgkgncKmN0Q9HJnV_vlYGU_tD7SpAkNLcTVgFiU885zpa0TlrAs
Madeleine Muzdakis (2021) (Para. 3):
https://mymodernmet.com/dinosaur-fossil-titanosaur-argentina/
Ian Randall (2021):
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-9160381/Fossils-98-million-year-old-dino-unearthed-Argentina-largest-land-animal-ever.html
Amy Woodyatt (2021):
https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/19/americas/dinosaur-largest-titanosaur-intl-scli-scn/index.html
Bob Yirka (2021):
https://phys.org/news/2021-01-gigantic-dinosaur-unearthed-argentina-largest.html
My 2020 post on (?)Argentinosaurus/giant titanosaur from Candeleros Formation:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2020/08/a-giant-sauropod-argentinosaurus-from_22.html
My lengths for the other titanosaurs mentioned in this post:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/12/size-calculations-for-herbivorous.html
Lacovara et al., (2014):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265377777_A_Gigantic_Exceptionally_Complete_Titanosaurian_Sauropod_Dinosaur_from_Southern_Patagonia_Argentina
Link 2:
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep06196
Supplementary Materials:
https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fsrep06196/MediaObjects/41598_2014_BFsrep06196_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Carballido et al., (2017):
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/284/1860/20171219
Supplementary Materials (Pg. 32-34):
https://figshare.com/articles/Electronic_Supplementary_material_from_A_new_giant_titanosaur_sheds_light_on_body_mass_evolution_among_sauropod_dinosaurs/5297611
Otero et al., (2020) (P. 9 Table 2):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344346605_The_Appendicular_Osteology_of_Patagotitan_Mayorum_Dinosauria_Sauropoda
Calvo et al., (2007) (P. 521):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237289209_Anatomy_of_Futalognkosaurus_dukei_Calvo_Porfiri_Gonzalez_Riga_Kellner_2007_Dinosauria_Titanosauridae_from_the_Neuquen_Group_Late_Cretaceous_Patagonia_Argentina
MOZ Pv 1221's Total Length: 170 feet (51.7 meters).
Ornithopods:
1. Nanosaurus:
Holotype Femur: 6.3 cm (Marsh, 1877, pg. 255).
BYU ESM 163R:
(Taken from Galton and Jensen, 1973, pg. 145):
Femur: 15.1 cm.
Tibia: 18.0
Fibula: 16.1 cm.
Humerus: 10.4 cm.
Eoraptor:
Femur: 15.2 cm.
Body: 1.4 m.
2nd Femur:
15.1 - 15.2 = 0.1.
0.1/15.2*100 = 0.7% decrease.
1.4 m - 0.7% = 5 feet (1.4 meters).
3. Mantellisaurus:
(Taken from Mantell, 1834, pg. 200-201):
Femur: 33 inches (83.84 cm).
Tibia: 30 inches (76.2 cm).
Camptosaurus:
Femur: 40 cm.
Body: 3.7 m.
83.84 - 40 = 43.84.
43.84/40*100 = 109.6% increase.
3.7 m + 109.6% = 26 feet (7.8 meters).
Mantellisaurus' Total Length: 26 feet (7.8 meters).
Link:
Mantell (1834) (pg. 200-201):
4. Edmontosaurus:
Time: Campanian-Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous-early Paleocene: 84-66 million years ago.
Place: North America and Canada.
There are two species: E.
regalis and E.
annectens. E.
regalis had a round head crest and was smaller. E.
annectens was larger but it didn't have a head crest. (Bell et al., 2013, "Discussion," par. 2)
Link:
Bell et al., (2013):
E. regalis:
Time: Campanian of the late Cretaceous period: 84-66 million years ago. (Currie, 2003) (Eberth and Currie, 2010) (Bell et al., 2013, "Locality and Age") (Bell et al., 2014, pg. 175 and 177) (Eberth and Kamo, 2019, "Abstract")
Place: Canada. (Bell et al., 2013) (Campione and Evans, 2011)
1. ROM 867:
Femur: 96.5 cm. (Brett-Surman, 1989, pg. 64)
Mantellisaurus:
Femur: 83.84 cm.
Body: 7.8 m.
83.84 - 96.5 = 12.66.
12.66/83.84*100 = 15.1% in.
7.8 m + 15.1% = 30 feet (9.0 meters).
Link:
Brett-Surman (1989) (pg. 64):
2.
FMNH 15004:
Skull: 108.7 cm. (Campione and Evans, 2011, "Linear measurements of edmontosaur skulls")
E. annectens Specimen AMNH 5730:
Femur: 114.8 cm.
Skull: 118 cm.
Body: 10.7 meters.
108.7 - 118 = 9.3.
9.3/118*100 = 7.9% decrease.
10.7 m - 7.9% = 33 feet (9.9 meters).
Links:
Campione and Evans (2011):
Time:
Currie (2003):
https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app48-191.html
Eberth and Currie (2010):
https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/E10-045#.XiJWB7aZP-Y
Bell et al., (2013) ("Locality and Age"):
Bell et al., (2014) (Pg. 175 and 177):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257448862_New_hadrosaurine_material_from_the_Wapiti_Formation_west-central_Alberta_Canada
Eberth and Kamo (2019):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336402205_High-precision_U-Pb_CA-ID-TIMS_dating_and_chronostratigraphy_of_the_dinosaur-rich_Horseshoe_Canyon_Formation_Upper_Cretaceous_Campanian-Maastrichtian_Red_Deer_River_valley_Alberta_Canada
Link 2:
https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjes-2019-0019#.XiJmi7aZP-Y
E.
regalis' Total Length: 30-33 feet (9.0-9.9 meters).
E.
annectens (Largest Species):
Time: Maastrictian of the late Cretaceous-early Paleocene: 72-66 million years ago.
1. AMNH 5730:
Femur: (Wosik et al., 2017):
Length: 114.8 cm.
Skull:
118 cm. (Cope, 1883, pg. 106)
Willinaqake Specimen 1:
Femur: 100 cm.
Body: 9.3 m.
114.8 - 100 = 14.8.
14.8/100*100 = 14.8% in.
9.3 m + 14.8% = 35 feet (10.7 meters).
Links:
Cope (1883) (pg. 106):
Link 2:
Wosik et al., (2017):
Specimen Info:
2. Specimen with a 137-cm Long Femur (SWAU):
Kamuysaurus:
Femur: 117 cm.
Body: 10.9 m.
117 - 137 = 20.
20/117*100 = 17.1% in.
10.9 m + 17.1% = 42 feet (12.8 meters).
3. MOR 003:
Skull: 137 cm. (Measured on 9/15/19 in Campione and Evans, 2011, pg. 3)
AMNH 5730:
Femur: 114.8 cm.
Skull: 118 cm.
Body: 10.7 meters.
137 - 118 = 19.
19/118*100 = 16.1% in.
10.7 m + 16.1% = 41 feet (12.4 meters).
Links:
Campione and Evans (2011) (pg. 3):
https://www.academia.edu/962897/Cranial_Growth_and_Variation_in_Edmontosaurs_Dinosauria_Hadrosauridae_Implications_for_Latest_Cretaceous_Megaherbivore_Diversity_in_North_America
4. MOR 1609:
Skull: 150 cm. (Horner and Woodward, 2011, pg. 66).
Tail: 5.4 meters (Measured in Prieto-Marquez, 2014, "C," from tip of back leg to tip of tail).
MOR 003:
Skull: 137 cm.
Body: 12.4 m.
137 - 150 = 13.
13/137*100 = 9.5% in.
12.4 m + 9.5% = 45 feet (13.6 meters).
Link:
Horner and Woodward (2011) (pg. 66):
5. MOR 1142 (Previously named "X.rex"):
Tail length: 7.5 meters (Horner et al., 2011, "Results," "Ontogenetic Results").
MOR 1609:
Length: 13.6 meters.
Tail Length: 5.4 meters. (Measured in Prieto-Marquez, 2014, "C," from tip of back leg to tip of tail):
750 - 540 = 210.
210/540*100 = 38.9% increase.
13.6 m + 38.9% = 62 feet (18.9 meters).
MOR 1142's Total Length: 62 feet (18.9 meters).
Links:
Horner et al., (2011):
Prieto-Marquez (2014):
6. Kamuysaurus:
Time: Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous period: 72-66 million years ago.
Place: Asia.
Femur:
Left:
110 cm (at best). (Measured on 9/23/19 in Asian Scientist Newsroom, 2017)
*Right:
117 cm. (Measured on 9/23/19 in Kobayashi et al., 2019, Figure 3. "M," Anterior)
*Ilium: 99.5 cm (at best). (Measured on 9/23/19 in Kobayashi et al., 2019, Figure 3. "L," Medial?)
E. annectens Specimen AMNH 5730:
Femur: 114.8 cm.
Body: 10.7 m.
114.8 - 117 = 2.2.
2.2/114.8*100 = 1.9% in.
10.7 m + 1.9% = 36 feet (10.9 meters).
Kamuysaurus' Total Length: 36 feet (10.9 meters).
Asian Scientist Newsroom (2017):
7. Iguanodon:
Time Period: Barremian of the early Cretaceous period: 129-125 million years ago.
Place: Europe.
Femur: 147.3-cm Femur (4 feet 10 inches) (Gibson, 1858).
E. annectens specimen with a 137-cm femur:
Body: 12.8 meters.
147.3 - 137 = 10.3.
10.3/137*100 = 7.5% in.
12.8 m + 7.5% = 45 feet (13.8 meters).
Iguanodon's Total Length: 45 feet (13.8 meters).
Link:
Gibson (1858):
8. Shantungosaurus:
Time: Campanian of the late Cretaceous period: 84-72 million years ago.
Place: Asia.
The largest species of hadrosaur.
1. Holotype:
Femur: 165 cm. (Brett-Surman, 1989, pg. 64)
Iguanodon Specimen with a 147.3-cm Femur:
Body: 13.8 m.
165 - 147.3 = 17.7.
17.7/147.3/100 = 12% in.
13.8 m + 12% = 51 feet (15.5 meters).
Links:
Femur:
Brett-Surman (1989) (pg. 64):
2. "Zhuchengosaurus" specimen with a 170-cm Femur:
("Zhuchengosaurus" is Shantungosaurus, according to Mickey Mortimer on Paleofile. The largest femur is 170 cm long)
Shantungosaurus Holotype:
Femur: 165 cm.
Body: 15.5 meters.
170 - 165 = 5.
5/165*100 = 3% in.
15.5 m + 3% = 53 feet (16.0 meters).
Links:
"Zhuchengosaurus" is Shantungosaurus:
Paleofile:
3. "Huaxiaosaurus":
"Huaxiaosaurus" is also Shantungosaurus. (Paleofile)
Femur: 172 cm.
Shantungasaurus ("Zhuchengosaurus") Specimen with a 170-cm Femur:
Body: 16.0 meters.
172 - 170 = 2.
2/170*100 = 1.2% in.
16 m + 1.2% = 53 feet (16.2 meters).
Links:
"Huaxiaosaurus" is Shantungosaurus:
Paleofile:
Shantungosaurus' Total Length: 51-53 feet (15.5-16.2 meters).
9. Cedrorestes:
Time Period: Barremian of the early Cretaceous period: 129-125 million years ago.
Place: North America.
Tibia: 64 cm. (Measured on 9/20/19 in Gilpin et al., 2007, pg. 83, "D," Anterior)
Ilium: 60.6 cm (at best). (Measured on 9/22/19 in Gilpin et al., 2007, pg. 83, "C," Lateral)
Mantellisaurus:
Tibia: 76.2 cm.
Body:
7.8 meters.
64 - 76.2 = 12.2.
12.2/76.2*100 = 16% decrease.
7.8 m - 16% = 22 feet (6.6 meters).
Cedrorestes' Total Length: 22 feet (6.6 meters).
Link:
Gilpin et al., (2007):
10. Iguanacolossus:
Time Period: Barremian of the early Cretaceous period: 129-125 million years ago.
Place: North America.
*Ilium: 83.5 cm (at best). (Measured on 9/22/19 in McDonald et al., 2010, Figure 14, "A," Lateral) (I got it twice)
Scapula:
Lateral ("A"): 54 cm. (Measured on 9/20/19 in McDonald et al., 2010, Figure 13)
Lateral ("C") (Blade held against detached caudal end of scapula): 77.4 cm (at best) (up to red line). (Measured on 9/20/19 in McDonald et al., 2010, Figure 13)
Fibula: 63 cm. (Measured on 9/20/19 in McDonald et al., 2010, Figure 15) (Table 1 says this too)
Kamuysaurus:
Ilium: 99.5 cm.
Body: 10.9 meters.
83.5 - 99.5 = 16.
16/99.5*100 = 16.1% decrease.
10.9 m - 16.1% = 30 feet (9.2 meters).
Iguanacolossus' Total Length: 30 feet (9.2 meters).
Link:
McDonald et al., (2010):
11. Thescelosaurus:
Ceratopsians:
1. Protoceratops:Femur: 10 cm (Slowiak et al., 2019, Table 1).
Eoraptor:
Femur: 15.2 cm.
Length: 1.4 meters.
10 - 15.2 = 5.2.
5.2/15.2*100 = 34.2% decrease.
1.4 m - 34.2% = 3 feet (0.9 meters).
Protoceratops' Total Length: 3 feet (0.9 meters).
Link:
Slowiak et al., (2019) (Table 1):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6657679/#!po=0.295858
2. Centrosaurus:
1. YPM (Holotype of “C. flexus”):
Femur: 78.9 (Lull, 1867, pg. 60).
Protoceratops:
Femur: 10 cm.
Body: 0.9 meters.
10 - 78.9 = 68.9.
68.9/10*100 = 689% increase.
0.9 m + 689% = 23 feet (7.1 meters).
Other info:
Skull: 157 cm (Osborn, 1917, pg. 287).
2. Largest Femur (Lull, 1867, pg. 60):
Length: 80 cm.
YPM (Holotype):
Femur: 78.9 cm.
Body: 7.1 m.
78.9 - 80 = 1.1.
1.1/78.9*100 = 1.4% in.
7.1 m + 1.4% = 24 feet (7.2 meters).
Centrosaurus' Total Length: 23-24 feet (7.1-7.2 meters).
Links:
Lull (1867) (Pg. 60):
https://archive.org/details/revisionofcerato33lull/page/122/mode/2up
Skull:
Osborn (1917) (Pg. 287):
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1336//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B037a10.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Date:
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1336
Fossilworks:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=63911
Link 2:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=38854
3. Styracosaurus:
Skull: 186.1 cm (Lull, 1867, pg. 89).
Centrosaurus:
Skull: 157 cm.
Body: 7.1 m.
157 - 186.1 = 29.1.
29.1/157*100 = 18.5% increase.
7.1 m + 18.5% = 28 feet (8.4 meters).
Styracosaurus' Total Length: 28 feet (8.4 meters).
Links:
Lull (1867) (Pg. 60):
https://archive.org/details/revisionofcerato33lull/page/122/mode/2up
Fossilworks:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=56144
Link 2:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=38860
Triceratops:
Time: Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous period: 72-66 million years ago.
Place: North America.
T. horridus:
1. YPM 1820 (Holotype):
Skull: 6 ft 8 in. (203.2 cm) (Lull, 1867, pg. 116).
Centrosaurus:
Skull: 157 cm.
Body: 7.1 m.
157 - 203.2 = 46.2.
46.2/157*100 = 29.4% in.
7.1 m + 29.4% = 30 feet (9.2 meters).
Styracosaurus:
Skull: 186.1 cm.
Body: 8.4 meters.
186.1 - 203.2 = 17.1.
17.1/186.1*100 = 9.2% in.
8.4 m + 9.2% = 30 feet (9.2 meters).
Link:
Lull (1867) (Pg. 60):
https://archive.org/details/revisionofcerato33lull/page/122/mode/2up
T. prorsus:
2. YPM 1822 (Holotype):
Skull:
-5 ft 1 in. (155 cm) (Lull, 1867, pg. 117).
-152.3 cm (Tokaryk, 1986, Table 1).
Centrosaurus:
Skull: 157 cm.
Body: 7.1 m.
157 - 152.3 = 4.7.
2/157*100 = 3% in.
7.1 m - 3% = 23 feet (6.9 meters).
Links:
Tokaryk (1986) (Table 1):
https://www.academia.edu/1113523/Ceratopsian_dinosaurs_from_the_Frenchman_Formation_Upper_Cretaceous_Saskatchewan
Lull (1867) (Pg. 60):
https://archive.org/details/revisionofcerato33lull/page/122/mode/2up
3. SMNH P1163.4:
Skull: 210.0 cm. (Tokaryk, 1986, Table 1)
T. horridus YPM 1820 (Holotype):
Skull: 203.2 cm.
Body: 9.2 meters.
210 - 203.2 = 6.8.
6.8/203.2*100 = 3.4% increase.
9.2 m + 3.4% = 31 feet (9.5 meters).
Link:
Tokaryk (1986) (Table 1):
https://www.academia.edu/1113523/Ceratopsian_dinosaurs_from_the_Frenchman_Formation_Upper_Cretaceous_Saskatchewan
Uncertain Species:
4. MWC 7584:
Skull: 8.2 feet (2.5 meters). (Prehistoric Store)
T. prosus SMNH P1163.4:
Skull: 210.0 cm.
Body: 9.5 meters.
210 - 250 = 40.
40/210*100 = 19.1% increase.
9.5 m + 19.1% = 37 feet (11.3 meters).
Link:
Prehistoric Store:
http://www.prehistoricstore.com/item.php?item=768
Triceratops' Total Length: 23-37 feet (6.9-11.3 meters).
Torosaurus: T. latus:
1. YPM 1831:
Skull: 2.6 meters (Longrich and Field, 2012, Figure 8 "A").
Triceratops Specimen MWC 7584:
Skull: 2.5 meters.
Body: 11.3 meters.
250 - 260 = 10.
10/250*100 = 4.
11.3 m + 4% = 39 feet (11.8 meters).
Torvosaurus' Total Length: 39 feet (11.8 meters).
Bravoceratops:
1. Skull: 92 inches (233.7 cm) (Gaston Design Inc., "New Bravoceratops Skull").
T. prosus SMNH P1163.4:
Skull: 210.0 cm.
Body: 9.5 meters.
210 - 233.7 = 23.7.
23.7/210*100 = 11.3% increase.
9.5 m + 11.3% = 35 feet (10.6 meters).
Bravoceratops' Total Length: 35 feet (10.6 meters).
Nedoceratops:
Skull: 1.8 meters (Farke, 2011, "Introduction" p. 2).
Stegosaurs:
1. Stegosaurus:
Time Period: Kimmeridgian-Tithonian of the late Jurassic period: 157-145 million years ago.
Place: North America.
1. "Sophie":
Length: 18 feet (5.6 meters). (
The Guardian, 2014), p. 4
Humerus (Right): 45 cm. (Maidment et al., 2015, Table 3)
Femur (Right): 86.8 cm. (Maidment et al., 2015, Table 3)
Tibia (Right): 49.8 cm. (Maidment et al., 2015, Table 3)
Links:
Size:
The Guardian (2014) (P. 4):
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/dec/04/sophie-stegosaurus-london-natural-history-museum
Paper:
Maidment et al., (2015) (Table 3):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4605687/
2. USNM 4934:
Right Femur: 108.0 cm. (Revan et al., 2011, Table 4)
"Sophie":
Length: 18 feet (5.6 meters).
Humerus (Right): 45 cm.
Femur (Right): 86.8 cm.
Tibia (Right): 49.8 cm.
86.8 - 108.0 = 21.2.
21.2/86.8*100 = 24.4% increase.
5.6 m + 24.4% = 23 feet (7.0 meters).
Link:
Revan et al., (2011) (Table 4):
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9504/4daee27fb47dbdea7ef06c87b534fffa5866.pdf
3. YPM Mount:
Right Femur: 133.88 cm.
108 - 133.88 = 25.88.
25.88/108*100 = 24% increase.
7 m + 24% = 29 feet (8.7 meters).
Link:
Revan et al., (2011) (Table 4):
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9504/4daee27fb47dbdea7ef06c87b534fffa5866.pdf
Stegosaurus' Total Length: 18-29 feet (5.6-8.7 meters).
Other Links:
Picture:
https://www.dkfindout.com/us/dinosaurs-and-prehistoric-life/dinosaurs/stegosaurus/
Time:
Tithonian:
Maidment et al., (2015) ("Geological Setting," p. 5):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4605687/
Gilmore (1932) (pg. 3):
Maidment et al., (2017):
Dinosaur National Monument Geologic Resource Evaluation Report (2006) (Pg. 4):
Colorado Geological Survey (Retrieved on 1/2/20):
Fossilworks:
2. Kentrosaurus:
Largest femur from Redelstorff et al., (2013):
MB.R.3598: 75 cm. (Table 1)
Stegosaurus Specimen "Sophie":
Femur (Right): 86.8 cm.
Length: 18 feet (5.6 meters).
75 - 86.8 = 11.8.
11.8/75*100 = 15.7% decrease.
5.6 m - 15.7% = 15 feet (4.7 meters).
Link:
Redelstorff et al., (2013) (Table 1):
https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ar.22701
Kentrosaurus' Total Length: 15 feet (4.7 meters).
Ankylosaurs:
1. Denversaurus:
Time: Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous period: 72-66 million years ago.
Place: North America.
"Tank" (
BHIGR):
Skull: 61 cm.
Length: 18 feet (5.5 meters).
Link:
Size:
http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=486
http://www.bhigr.com/media/zooms/zoomFlash.php?path=Denversaurus-Poster_01_sm
Skull:
http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=487
2. Ankylosaurus:
Time: Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous period: 72-66 million years ago.
Place: North America.
1. AMNH 5895 (Holotype):
Skull: 61 cm (Complete). (Carpenter, 2004, pg. 963)
Denversaurus Specimen "Tank":
Skull: 61 cm.
Length: 18 feet (5.5 meters).
Based on Denversaurus, AMNH would have been 18 feet (5.5 meters long).
Link:
Carpenter (2004) (pg. 963):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169223_Redescription_of_Ankylosaurus_magniventris_Brown_1908_Ankylosauridae_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_the_Western_Interior_of_North_America
2. NMC 8880/CMN 8880:
Skull:
64.5 cm. (Carpenter, 2004, pg. 963)
67.1 cm. (Arbor and Mallon, 2017, pg. 771, Table 1)
Denversaurus Specimen "Tank":
Skull: 61 cm.
Length: 18 feet (5.5 meters).
64.5 - 61 = 3.5.
3.5/61*100 = 5.7% increase.
5.5 m + 5.7% = 19 feet (5.8 meters).
67.1 - 61 = 6.1.
6.1/61*100 = 10% increase.
5.5 m + 10% = 20 feet (6.1 meters).*
Links:
Carpenter (2004) (pg. 963):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169223_Redescription_of_Ankylosaurus_magniventris_Brown_1908_Ankylosauridae_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_the_Western_Interior_of_North_America
Arbor and Mallon (2017) (pg. 771, Table 1):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320349340_Unusual_cranial_and_postcranial_anatomy_in_the_archetypal_ankylosaur_Ankylosaurus_magniventris
3. AMNH 5214:
Skull: 55.5 cm. (Carpenter, 2004, pg. 963)
Femur: 67 cm. (Arbor and Mallon, 2017, pg. 783, Table 4)
AMNH 5895 (Holotype):
Skull: 61 cm.
Length: 18 feet (5.5 meters).
61 - 55.5 = 5.5.
5.5/61*100 = 9% decrease.
5.5 m - 9% = 16 feet (5.0 meters).
Links:
Carpenter (2004) (pg. 963):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169223_Redescription_of_Ankylosaurus_magniventris_Brown_1908_Ankylosauridae_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_the_Western_Interior_of_North_America
Arbor and Mallon (2017) (pg. 783, Table 4):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320349340_Unusual_cranial_and_postcranial_anatomy_in_the_archetypal_ankylosaur_Ankylosaurus_magniventris
Ankylosaurus' Total Length: 16-20 feet (5.0-6.1 meters).
Tail Club:
Arbour (2009):
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006738
Article:
https://www.wired.com/2009/08/dinotails/
3. Gastonia:
CEUM 1307 (Holotype):
Skull: 29.5 cm. (Kirkland, 1998, pg. 273, "Description")
Denversaurus Specimen "Tank":
Skull: 61 cm.
Length: 18 feet (5.5 meters).
61 - 29.5 = 31.5.
31.5/61*100 = 51.6% decrease.
5.5 m - 51.6% = 9 feet (2.7 meters).
Gastonia's Total Length: 9 feet (2.7 meters).
Link:
Kirkland (1998) (Pg. 273, "Description"):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284495388_A_polacanthine_ankylosaur_Ornithischia_Dinosauria_from_the_Early_Cretaceous_Barremian_of_eastern_Utah
4.
Nodosaurus:
Time: Albian-Cenomanian of the late Cretaceous period: 113-94 million years ago.
Place: North America.
Lengths taken from R.S. Lull (1921):
Ilium: 110 cm. (pg. 106)
Femur: 59.3 cm (almost complete). (pg. 115-116; pg. 117, number 5)
Tibia: 45.4 cm. (pg. 117, number 5)
Femur:
Ankylosaurus specimen AMNH 5214:
Femur: 67 cm.
Length: 16 feet (5.0 meters).
67 - 59.3 = 7.7.
7.7/67*100 = 11.5% decrease.
5 m - 11.5% = 14 feet (4.4 meters).
Nodosaurus' Total Length: 14 feet (4.4 meters).
Link:
R.S. Lull (1921):
https://books.google.com/books?id=sRtHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=ankylosaurus+ilium&source=bl&ots=4V_Kfnt-Fu&sig=ACfU3U2lwUswGltaz0UBAFSKHsgODZIh9A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH5N_S9-jpAhVOknIEHYngDjEQ6AEwGnoECBIQAQ#v=onepage&q=ankylosaurus%20ilium&f=false
Time:
Dinochecker ("Nodosaurus"):
http://www.dinochecker.com/dinosaurs/NODOSAURUS
5.
Mymoorapelta:
Time: Kimmeridgian-Tithonian of the late Jurassic period: 157-145 million years ago.
Place: North America.
Ilium: 49.5 cm. (Kirkland and Carpenter, 1994, pg. 29, Figure 2)
Nodosaurus:
Ilium: 110 cm.
Length: 14 feet (4.4 meters).
110 - 49.5 = 60.5.
60.5/110*100 = 55% decrease.
4.4 m - 55% = 7 feet (2 meters).
Link:
Kirkland and Carpenter (1994) (Pg. 29, Figure 2):
http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Mymoorapelta-north-americas-first-pre-cretaceous-ankylosaur_Kirkland_et_al_1994.pdf
Time:
Kirkland and Carpenter (1994) (Pg. 26, Figure 1):
http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Mymoorapelta-north-americas-first-pre-cretaceous-ankylosaur_Kirkland_et_al_1994.pdf
Drumheller et al., (2020) ("Materials and Methods," "Geological setting"):
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0233115
Pachycephalosaurus:
Time: Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous period: 72-66 million years ago.
Place: North America.
"Sandy":
Length: 10 feet (3.0 meters). (
Dinosaur Sanctuary)
Link:
Dinosaur Sanctuary:
https://dinosaursanctuary.com/pachycephalosaurus.html
Bone-head used for head-butting:
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0068620
Struthiomimus:
Two specimens, "Claws" and another one, are both 16 feet long (4.9 meters).
1. "Claws":
Length: 16 feet (4.9 meters). (
BHIGR)
2. Specimen from
Triebold Paleontology:
Length: 16 feet (4.9 meters).
Note: Struthiomimus could be either herbivorous due to a lack of teeth in its jaws, or maybe omnivorous due to the sharp claws at the end of its feet (
BHIGR) (Stevene Jasinski, 2011, pg. 200). I'll keep it as a herbivore, based on Stevene Jasinski (2011) (Pg. 200).
Links:
Skeletons:
"Claws";
BHIGR:
http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=68&cat=29&page=1
Triebold Paleontology:
http://trieboldpaleontology.com/struthiomimus.html
Dietary Behavior:
BHIGR:
https://www.bhigr.com/pages/info/info_clws.htm
Stevene Jasinski (2011) (Pg. 200):
https://books.google.com/books?id=fugoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&dq=struthiomimus+diet&source=bl&ots=KZjfAnwjPu&sig=ACfU3U389IYjQSJTr7R5J58_pnnZJ1e9mQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi4uLmFgYXoAhWrlXIEHb61A_U4ChDoATAHegQIDRAB#v=onepage&q=struthiomimus%20diet&f=false
Time Periods:
International Chronostratigraphic Chart (2019 Version):
http://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2019-05.jpg
Link 2:
http://stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale 
