Update (9/20/19): All specimens are up-to-date!
The Percentage Increase/Decrease Method:
1. Take new number and subtract it from original number.
2. Take that number and divide it by the original number and multiply by 100.
3. That number will by your percentage increase or decrease if it's negative.
Ex.: "Stan's" Femur is 130 and has a body length of 12.2 meters. "Wyrex" has a femur length of 132.7 cm.
132.7 - 130 = 2.7.
2.7 divided by (represented by "/") and multiplied by (represented by "*") equals 2.1.
(2.7/130*100 = 2.1)
2.1 is your percentage increase, or 2.1% increase.
12.2 m + 2.1% = 12.5 meters for "Wyrex."
Links:
Percentage Increase/Decrease Method Links:
"Percentage Change - Percentage Increase and Decrease." SkillsYouNeed:
"Relative Increase." percentage.calculators.ro:
https://percentages.calculators.ro/15-percentage-increase-from-original-number-to-new-value.php
Sauropodomorpha:
1. Eoraptor:
Time Period: Carnian of the late Triassic period: 237-227 million years ago.
Place: South America.
The first herbivorous/sauropod dinosaur to have evolved (Kaplan, 2011).
Specimen PVSJ 512 (Holotype):
Skull: 12.3 cm. (Sereno et al., 2012, Table 3)
Femur: 15.2 cm (Martinez et al., 2011, pg. 206 Table 1)
Eodromaeus:
Femur: 16.0 cm.
Body: 1.5 meters.
Here's how I calculated Eodromaeus' size:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/10/calculations-for-largest-theropods.html
Eodromaeus is a theropod, but it and Eoraptor have a similar body design so I'm comparing the two.
16 - 15.2 = 0.8.
0.8/15.2*100 = 5.3% decrease.
1.5 m - 5.3% = 5 feet (1.4 meters).
Link:
Sereno et al., (2012):
Table 3:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Measurements-in-mm-of-the-skull-of-Eoraptor-lunensis-PVSJ-512_tbl1_257457973
Paper:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257457973_Osteology_of_Eoraptor_lunensis_Dinosauria_Sauropodomorpha
Skull:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Measurements-in-mm-of-the-skull-of-Eoraptor-lunensis-PVSJ-512_tbl1_257457973
Herbivore:
Kaplan (2011):
https://www.nature.com/news/2011/110113/full/news.2011.17.html
Martinez et al., (2011):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49753908_A_Basal_Dinosaur_from_the_Dawn_of_the_Dinosaur_Era_in_Southwestern_Pangaea
Garcia et al., (2019):
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652019000400516&tlng=en
Sauropod Family Tree:
Sander et al., (2011) (Figure 4):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045712/
2. Plateosaurus:
P. gracilis:
Holotype Femur: 48 cm (Yates, 2003, pg. 332 "Brief description").
Eoraptor:
Femur: 15.2 cm.
Body: 1.4 meters.
48 - 15.2 = 32.8.
32.8/15.2*100 = 215.8% increase.
1.4 m + 215.8% = 14 feet (4.4 meters).
Link:
Yates (2003) (Pg. 332):
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2003.00301.x
Large Skull:
Paleofile. "Sellosaurus":
http://www.paleofile.com/Dinosaurs/Sauropoda/Sellosaurus.asp
Interesting Paper:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018298000741
P. engelhardti:
1. SMNS F 14:
Scapula: 47 cm (Klein, 2004, pg. 87 Table 11).
Humerus: 41 cm (Klein, 2004, pg. 84 Table 10).
Femur: 63.5 cm (Klein, 2004, pg. 84 Table 10).
Tibia: 55 cm (Klein, 2004, pg. 41 Table 6, pg. 75 Table 7).
Fibula: 52.5 cm (Klein, 2004, pg. 78 Table 8).
Efraasia Specimen SMNS 12843:
Femur: 62.7 cm.
Length: 5.8 meters.
62.7 - 63.5 = 0.8.
0.8/62.7*100 = 1.28% increase.
5.8 m + 1.28% = 19 feet (5.9 meters).
2. IFG (Table 4 and 7):
Femur: 99 cm (Klein, 2004, pg. 41 Table 6, pg. 75 Table 7).
SMNS F 14:
Humerus: 41 cm.
Femur: 63.5 cm.
Tibia: 55 cm.
Fibula: 52.5 cm.
Body: 5.9 meters.
63.5 - 99 = 35.5.
35.5/63.5*100 = 55.9% increase.
5.9 m + 55.9% = 30 feet (9.2 meters).
Link:
Klein (2004):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/33714487_Bone_histology_and_growth_of_the_prosauropod_dinosaur_Plateosaurus_engelhardti_Meyer_1837_from_the_Norian_bonebeds_of_Trossingen_Germany_and_Frick_Switzerland
Plateosaurus' Total Length: 14-30 feet (4.4-9.2 meters).
1. SMNS 12843:
Femur: 62.7 cm (Yates, 2003, pg. 329 ""Brief description").
P. gracilis Holotype:
Femur: 48 cm.
Length: 4.4 meters.
48 - 62.7 = 14.7.
14.7/48*100 = 30.6% increase.
4.4 m + 30.6% = 19 feet (5.8 meters).
Efraasia's Total Length: 19 feet (5.8 meters).
Links:
Yates (2003) (Pg. 329):
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2003.00301.x
Galton (1984) (Pg. 3 Table 1):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272152579_An_early_prosauropod_dinosaur_from_the_Upper_Triassic_of_Nordwurttemberg_West_Germany
Diplodocoids:
G. pabsti:
Humerus (Right): 89.3 cm.
Femur: 63.5 cm.
Tibia: 55 cm.
Fibula: 52.5 cm.
Body: 5.9 meters.
Fibula: 98.3 cm.
98.3 - 85 = 13.3.
Gallina and Apesteguia (2005) (pg. 138):
-144 cm (Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 26).
-My measurement: 148 cm (Measured on 10/17/20, Figure 15 "A").
*Height: 67 cm (Measured on 9/19/19 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 21).
Dorsal Centrum (Anterior) Height: 13 cm (Measured in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 21).
Dorsal Centrum (Posterior/Lateral) Height: 20 cm (Measured in lateral view in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 21, "D").
Dorsal Centrum Length (Lateral): 24 cm (Measured on 9/19/19 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 21).
Dorsal Centrum Width (Anterior): 15.3 cm (at best) (Measured on 9/1/20 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 21).
Scapula: 98 cm (Measured on 1/14/20 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 24 Figure 12 "A").
Humerus: 92.5 cm (At best) (Measured on 10/17/20 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 24 Figure 12 "B").
Scapula: 72 cm.
*Height: 124 cm (Measured on 9/21/19 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 22).
Height: 22 cm (Measured on 9/21/19 in Calvo and Salgado, 1995, pg. 22).
Humerus: 115 cm (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 217).
Vertebra Height:
Link:
154.2 - 160 = 8.9.
8.9/106.4*100 = 8.4% increase.
23 m + 8.4% = 82 feet (24.9 meters).
https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/16065/1/USNMP-81_2941_1932.pdf
Length: 24.9 meters.
Femur: 178.5 cm.
178.5 - 180 = 1.5.
1.5/178.5*100 = 0.8% increase.
27.8 m + 0.8% = 92 feet (28.0 meters).
Link:
Herne and Lucas (2006) (pg. 146):
https://econtent.unm.edu/digital/collection/bulletins/id/791
Diplodocus' Total Length: 72-92 feet (21.9 -28.0 meters).
1. Specimen with 152.0-cm Femur (O'Gorman and Hone, 2012, Table 1):
Cervical Vertebrae 12 (XII) (from Marsh, 1919, pg. 12):
Length: 102 cm.
Centrum Length: 93 cm.
Dorsal Vertebra 1 (Marsh, 1919, pg. 16):
Length: 62 cm.
Height: 59 cm.
Centrum Length: 47 cm.
Pubis: 138.5 cm ("Estimated") (Marsh, 1919, pg. 36).
Femur: 252.58 cm(?). (Marsh, 1919, pg. 37) (Considered inaccurate)
Tibia: 168.1 cm(?) (Marsh, 1919, pg. 37) (Considered inaccurate).
Barosaurus had long cervicals compared to Diplodocus (Marsh, 1919, pg. 37).
*Fossilworks:
Scapula: 124 cm.
Scapula:
Based on Limaysaurus Holotype: 71 feet (21.5 meters).
YM 429's (Holotype) Total Length: 71 feet (21.5 meters).
Link:
http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=54166
Marsh (1919):https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sauropod_Dinosaur_Barosaurus_Marsh.html?id=PXc6AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. AMNH Specimen from Taylor and Wedel (2016):
Cervical Centrum 9: 68.5 cm.
Cervical Centrum 10: 73.7 cm.
Cervical Centrum 11: 77.5 cm.
Cervical Vertebrae 12 (XII):
Centrum Length: 93 cm.
The holotype doesn't have an 11th cervical, but this is the best that I can do. At least we have the 12th.
77.5 - 93 = 15.5.
15.5/93*100 = 16.7% increase.
21.5 m + 16.7% = 82 feet (25.1 meters).
AMNH Specimen from Taylor and Wedel (2016)'s Total Length: 82 feet (25.1 meters).
4. BYU 9024 (Largest Specimen):
Barosaurus' Total Length: 53-165 feet (16.1-50.2 meters).
B. parvus:
Length: 28.0 meters.
180 - 183 = 3.
3/180*100 = 1.7% increase.
B. excelsus' Total Length: 94 feet (28.5 meters).
Links:
Picture:
https://images.app.goo.gl/m1BTMKuncgadsChp9
Website:
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-brontosaurus-is-back1/
Tschopp et al., (2015) ("Abstract" pg. 1, pg. 3 Table 1, pg. 6 Table 2, "Results": "Support values" pg. 176; "Validity of recovered diplodocoid subclades" pg. 193-194, 199-201 Table 5, pg. 206-207; "Combined cladogram" pg. 270):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274613387_A_specimen-level_phylogenetic_analysis_and_taxonomic_revision_of_Diplodocidae_Dinosauria_Sauropoda
Link 2:
Humerus: 115 cm (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 217).
Height: 106 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201)
Centrum Width: 33.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201)
Centrum Height: 38.0 cm. (SVPOW, April 30, 2012)
Centrum Width: 46 cm. (SVPOW, April 30, 2012)
Dorsal Vertebrae 5:
Total Height: 106 cm. (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201) (SVPOW, April 25, 2012)
Centrum Width ("Diameter"): 33.5 cm (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 201).
Femur 178.5 cm.
Vertebrae Height:
29/106*100 = 27.4% increase.
Scapula: 147.76 cm.
Coracoid: 37.9 cm.
Scapula:
41.1 - 37.9 = 3.2.
3.2/37.9*100 = 8.4% increase.
17.3 m + 8.4% = 62 feet (18.8 meters).
Supersaurus' Total Length: 62 feet (18.8 meters).
Fossilworks. "Supersaurus vivianae":
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=56455
Jensen (1985) (Pg. 701):
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8885619#page/730/mode/1up
Date:
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/4439#/summary
SVPOW (6/25/19) ("Are the scapulacoracoids from the same individual?"):
Fossilworks. "Supersaurus lourinhanensis":
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=319104
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274613387_A_specimen-level_phylogenetic_analysis_and_taxonomic_revision_of_Diplodocidae_Dinosauria_Sauropoda
Link 2:
Bonaparte and Mateus (1999):
https://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app49/app49-197.pdf
Link 2:
Dorsal Centrum Height (Posterior, "D"): 9 cm. (Measured in Carvalho et al., 2003, pg. 701)
Dorsal Centrum Length (Left Lateral, "A"): 16 cm. (Measured on 9/19/19 in Carvalho et al., 2003, pg. 701)
Dorsal Centrum (Anterior) Height: 13 cm.
Dorsal Centrum (Posterior/Lateral) Height: 20 cm.
*Dorsal Centrum Length (Lateral): 24 cm.
Body: 21.5 meters.
Centrum Length:
24 - 16 = 8.
8/24*100 = 33.3% decrease.
21.5 m - 33.3% = 47 feet (14.3 meters).
Amazonsaurus' Total Length: 47 feet (14.3 meters).
Carvalho et al., (2003) (pg. 701):
Humerus: 115 cm (Gilmore, 1936, pg. 217).
Length Estimate: 30.3-32 meters. (Carpenter, 2018, Abstract)
-2.4 meters (Carpenter, 2018, pg. 238)
-54 cm. (Measured on 1/12/20 in Carpenter, 2018, pg. 228)
Femur:
-12 feet (366 cm) (Estimated). (Osborn and Mook, 1912, pg. 278)
-2.9 meters (Carpenter, 2018, pg. 238).
-3-3.5 meters (Paul, 2019, pg. 352). (I'm going with 300 cm, just to be safe).
Rebbachisaurus:
Posterior Dorsal Vertebrae:
*Height (Posterior): 140 cm (Total).
Centrum Height (Posterior): 24 cm (At best).
Femur: 185.1 cm.
Length: 28.2 meters.
240 - 140 = 100.
100/140*100 = 71.4% increase.
28.2 m + 71.4% = 159 feet (48.3 meters).
Link 2:
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/5724
https://voluminajurassica.org/api/files/view/36857.pdf
Carpenter (2018) (Abstract, pg. 228 and 238):
1. Saltasaurus:
(All bones were measured by me):
Femur: 90 cm. (Measured in Pangea Network of Italian Nature Museums)
Tibia: 48 cm. (Measured in Pangea Network of Italian Nature Museums)
Humerus: 66 cm. (Measured in Pangea Network of Italian Nature Museums)
Femur: 63.5 cm.
Tibia: 55 cm.
Fibula: 52.5 cm.
Body: 5.9 meters.
41 - 66 = 25.
25/41*100 = 61% increase.
5.9 m + 61% = 31 feet (9.5 meters).
Tibia:
Femur: 63.5 cm.
Tibia: 55 cm.
Fibula: 52.5 cm.
Body: 5.9 meters.
Link:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ab2e/bfcb6102b514b9401a14b20c9b929aec30b9.pdf?_ga=2.242534466.112835342.1598746354-1965444298.1596433399
Bones from Paper:
Pangea Network of Italian Nature Museums:
http://www.rassegnacinemaarcheologico.eu/pangea_dino_detail.jsp?area=141&ID_LINK=112424&id_context=296551&external=01
Humerus:
Pangea Network of Italian Nature Museums:
http://www.fll-italia.it/pangea_dino_detail.jsp?area=111&ID_LINK=112248&id_context=297600&external=01
Time:
http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/osteology_of_saltasaurus_loricatus_Powell_92.pdf
https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7ciSSy2c3L0J:https://paleoglot.org/files/Powell_92.doc+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari
Vertebra:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271854004_New_contributions_to_the_presacral_osteology_of_Saltasaurus_loricatus_Sauropoda_Titanosauria_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_northern_Argentina
Other:
Femur:
10.5/99*100 = 10.6% increase.
9.2 m + 10.6% = 34 feet (10.2 meters).
Plateosaurus engelhardti Specimen SMNS F 14:
Humerus: 41 cm.
Femur: 63.5 cm.
Tibia: 55 cm.
Fibula: 52.5 cm.
Body: 5.9 meters.
Link:
Femur: 129 cm ((?)Benson et al., 2014, Supplementary Materials) (Stromer, 1932, pg. 8 Table 2).
Humerus: 100 cm ((?)Benson et al., 2014, Supplementary Materials) (Stromer, 1932, pg. 8 Table 2).
*Femur:
129 - 109.5 = 19.5.
19.5/109.5*100 = 17.8% increase.
13.5 m + 17.8% = 52 feet (15.9 meters).
Humerus:
100 - 93.5 = 6.5.
6.5/93.5*100 = 7% increase.
13.5 m + 7% = 48 feet (14.5 meters).
Aegyptosaurus' Total Length: 52 feet (15.9 meters).
Links:
(?)Benson et al., (2014) (Supplementary Materials):
Paper:
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853
Stromer (1932) (German):
https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Abhandlungen-Akademie-Bayern_NF_10_0001-0021.pdf
http://dzhtb.cgs.cn/ch/reader/pdf.aspx?file_no=20170901
Link 2:
("Abstract"):Humerus: 130 cm (Mannion and Otero, 2012, pg. 627 Table 6).
130 - 108 = 22.
Humerus: 130 cm.
Argyrosaurus' Total Length: 72 feet (21.8 meters).
Body: 21.8 meters.
Femur: 139.5 cm
Body: 22.0 meters.
Calvo and Bonaparte (1991):
https://paleoglot.org/files/Calvo&Bonaparte%201991.pdf
Andesaurus:
Link:
Humerus: 146 cm.
Tibia: 101 cm.
Ligabuesaurus:
Link:
Original Paper:
https://paleoglot.org/files/delCorro_74b.pdf
11. Camarasaurus:
Femur: 170 cm.
Humerus: 146 cm.
Tibia: 101 cm.
Length: 26.7 meters.
180 - 170 = 10.
10/170*100 = 5.9% increase.
26.7 m + 5.9% = 93 feet (28.3 meters).
Camarasaurus' Total Length: 93 feet (28.3 meters).
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Femoral-length-mm-in-representative-sauropodoinorphs-based-on-individuals-recognized_tbl2_40661635
Time:
https://images.app.goo.gl/zarvHK3QuUpWMCi87
Website:
https://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/article/Super-size-dinosaurs-roam-Dallas-Perot-museum-5483668.php
5/180*100 = 2.8% increase.
Link:
Length: 183 cm. (Measured myself)
120 - 183 = 63.
63/120*100 = 52.5% increase.
30 m + 52.5% = 150 feet (45.8 meters).
Tibia: 127 cm (Largest tibia of any titanosaur, according to Lacovara et al., 2014, p. 5 Table 7) (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, p. 7).
127 - 183 = 56.
56/127*100 = 44.1% increase.
47.1 m + 44.1% = 223 feet (67.9 meters).
Link:
Sassani and Bivens (2017) (p. 7):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332553212_The_Chinese_colossus_an_evaluation_of_the_phylogeny_of_Ruyangosaurus_giganteus_and_its_implications_for_titanosaur_evolution
Link 2:
https://peerj.com/preprints/2988v1.pdf
3. SMP VP-2104:
3rd Caudal Vertebrae Centrum Length: 15 cm. (Mannion and Calvo, 2011, Table 2)
Body: 24.4 meters.
13 - 15 = 2.
2/15*100 = 13.3% decrease.
24.4 m - 13.3% = 70 feet (21.2 meters).
Link:
Link 2:
https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app56/app20100105.pdf
4. BIBE 45854:
Cervical Vertebra 10 Centrum Length ("C10/F"): 78.9 cm (Tykoski and Fiorillo, 2016, Table 2).
Patagotitan Specimen MPEF-PV 3399:
Cervical Vertebrae 10 (3399/1) Centrum Length: 74.5 cm (Carballido et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials, pg. 32).
Body: 47.9 meters.
78.9 - 74.5 = 4.4.
4.4/74.5*100 = 5.9% increase.
47.9 m + 5.9% = 166 feet (50.7 meters).
Cervical Vertebra 9 Centrum Length: 77 cm (Tykoski and Fiorillo, 2016, Table 2).
Dreadnoughtus:
9th Cervical Centrum Length: 113 cm.
Body: 30 m.
77 - 113 = 36.
36/113*100 = 31.9% decrease.
30 m - 31.9% = 67 feet (20.4 meters).
I don't know which length would best fit this specimen, but just to be cautious, I'll go by the length based on Dreadnaughtus.
BIBE 45854's Total Length: 67 feet (20.4 meters).
Link:
Photo:
https://images.app.goo.gl/kS8DMSkpGix81oY88
Website:
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-articulated-cervical-series-of-Alamosaurus-1922-Tykoski-Fiorillo/589195fd3179fe370570d1cbf4878f6c23bf11ec/figure/4
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2016.1183150
Cervical Vertebrae (Fowler and Sullivan, 2011):
Length: 112 cm.
Centrum Length: 104 cm (At best). (Measured on 9/16/19 in Fowler and Sullivan, 2011, pg. 686, "A2")
Might be Cervical Vertebrae 9(?). (My estimate)
Fowler and Sullivan (2011) couldn't identify the position of this vertebrae (pg. 687). However, based on BIBE 45854, it looks like the vertebrae could have been in position 6-9 (at best), due to the drawing in Fowler and Sullivan (2011) (pg. 686), a picture from the Montana State University (2011), and Tykoski and Fiorillo (2016) (Figure 3). The arch seems to indicate to me that it would be placed in that position.
Mike (2011) shows a reconstruction of the vertebrae, and it appears that the vertebrae might have been in position 7 or 8 (based on BIBE 45854). However, just to be safe, I'll go with cervical vertebrae 9.
Alamosaurus Specimen BIBE 45854:
Cervical vertebrae 9 ("C9/E") centrum length: 77 cm. ((Tykoski and Fiorillo, 2016, Table 2).
Cervical vertebra 12 centrum length: 81 cm.
Body: 20.4 meters.
Cervical vertebra 9:
77 - 104 = 27.
27/77*100 = 35.1% increase.
20.4 m + 35.1% = 91 feet (27.6 meters).
Cervical vertebra 12:
81 - 104 = 23.
23/81*100 = 28.4% increase.
20.4 m + 28.4% = 86 feet (26.2 meters).
SMP VP-1850's Total Length: 86 feet (26.2 meters).
Links:
Link 2:
https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app56/app20100105.pdf
Montana State University (2011):
https://www.montana.edu/news/10634/new-study-reveals-north-america-s-biggest-dinosaur
Tykoski and Fiorillo (2016):
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2016.1183150
Mike (2011):
https://blog.everythingdinosaur.co.uk/blog/_archives/2011/12/13/remember-the-alamosaurus-north-americas-biggest-dinosaur.html
Whatever the position of the SMP VP-1850 vertebrae is, it still seems like Alamosaurus is one of the largest titanosaur to have ever lived.
Scapula: 174 cm.
Humerus: 160 cm.
Ilium: 131 cm.
Pubis: 126 cm.
Femur: 191 cm.
Tibia: 120.
Fibula: 103 cm.
Body: 29.1 meters.
Femur:
191 - 185 = 6.
6/185*100 = 3.2% increase.
29.1 m + 3.2% = 98 feet (30.0 meters).
Dreadnaughtus' Total Length: 98 feet (30.0 meters).
Supplementary Materials:
https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fsrep06196/MediaObjects/41598_2014_BFsrep06196_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
(All measurements are reported from Fossilworks):
Femur: 191.7 cm.
Fibula: 106.5 cm.
Scapula: 164.9 cm.
0.7/191*100 = 0.4% increase.
30 m + 0.4% = 99 feet (30.1 meters).
2. HMN XV2:
Fibula: 134 cm. (Paul, 1988, pg. 2, Table 1)
MB.R.2180 (Holotype):
Fibula: 106.5 cm.
Length: 30.1 meters.
134 - 106.5 = 27.5.
27.5/106.5*100 = 25.8% increase.
30.1 m + 25.8% = 124 feet (37.9 meters).
3. HMN SII:
Humerus: 213 cm (Lacovara et al., 2014, pg. 5, Table 1).
Brachiosaurus Specimen FMNH P 25107:
Humerus: 204 cm.
Length: 40.7 meters.
204 - 213 = 9.
9/204*100 = 4.4% increase.
40.7 m + 4.4% = 139 feet (42.5 meters).
Humerus: 213 cm.
Femur: 209.0 cm.
Supplementary Materials:
https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fsrep06196/MediaObjects/41598_2014_BFsrep06196_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
MUCPv-323 (Holotype):
(Measurements from Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 12):
Humerus: 156 cm.
Femur: 198 cm. (Also in Paul, 2019, g. 339 Table 1)
Giraffatitan Holotype MB.R.2180:
Femur: 191.7 cm.
Length: 30.1 meters.
Femur:
191.7 - 198 = 6.3.
6.3/191.7*100 = 3.3% increase.
30.1 m + 3.3% = 102 feet (31.1 meters).
Futalognkosaurus' Total Length: 102 feet (31.1 meters).
Links:
Humerus: 156 cm.
Femur: 198 cm.
Length: 31.1 meters.
156 - 204 = 48.
Femur: 203 cm.
Length: 40.7 meters.
2. MPM 10002:
Novas et al., (2005):
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9c94/9928d38ad3702a5c1d286332369c87c3de0b.pdf
Sassani and Bivens (2017) (Pg. 28):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332553212_The_Chinese_colossus_an_evaluation_of_the_phylogeny_of_Ruyangosaurus_giganteus_and_its_implications_for_titanosaur_evolution
1. MLP 23-316 (Holotype):
Puertasaurus Femur:
Femur: 222 cm.
Length: 44.5 meters.
222 - 235 = 13.
13/222*100 = 5.9% increase.
44.5 m + 5.9% = 155 feet (47.1 meters).
Femur: 222 cm.
Length: 44.5 meters.
"Antarctosaurus'" Total Length: 152-155 feet (46.3-47.1 meters).
Femur: 235 cm. (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 7)
Length (Based on "A". giganteus specimen MLP 23-316): 155 feet (47.1 meters).
Ruyangosaurus' Total Length: 155 feet (47.1 meters).
Link:
Sassani and Bivens (2017) (pg. 7):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332553212_The_Chinese_colossus_an_evaluation_of_the_phylogeny_of_Ruyangosaurus_giganteus_and_its_implications_for_titanosaur_evolution
Link 2:
https://peerj.com/preprints/2988v1.pdf
1. MPEF-PV 3400 (Holotype):
235 - 236 = 1.
1/235*100 = 0.4% increase.
47.1 m + 0.4% = 155 feet (47.3 meters).
Link:
Photo:
https://images.app.goo.gl/z4qt3EHsQNmKhUe7A
Website:
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/09/542396807/this-could-be-the-biggest-dinosaur-ever-found-and-its-finally-got-a-name
MPEF-PV 3400 (Holotype):
Femur: 235 cm.
Body: 47.3 meters.
Supplementary Materials (pg. 34):
https://figshare.com/articles/Electronic_Supplementary_material_from_A_new_giant_titanosaur_sheds_light_on_body_mass_evolution_among_sauropod_dinosaurs/5297611
3. MPEF-PV 3397:
Humerus: 167.5 cm (Carballido et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials, pg. 33) (Otero et al., 2020, Table 2).
Titanosaur indet. FSAC-KK 01:
Length: 103 feet (31.4 meters).
31.4 m + 6.4% = 110 feet (33.4 meters).
Supplementary Materials (pg. 32):
https://figshare.com/articles/Electronic_Supplementary_material_from_A_new_giant_titanosaur_sheds_light_on_body_mass_evolution_among_sauropod_dinosaurs/5297611
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344346605_The_appendicular_osteology_of_Patagotitan_mayorum_Dinosauria_Sauropoda
Patagotitan's Total Length: 110-157 feet (33.4-47.9 meters).
-250 cm. (Bonaparte, 1996, mentioned in Mazzetta et al., 2004, pg. 7) (SVPOW, 2017)
-257.5 cm (Paul, 2019, pg. 339, Table 1).
-(Mazzetta et al., 2004, pg. 6): 155 cm. (Bonaparte and Coria, 1993, pg. 7)
-160 cm (Novas, 2009, pg. 205).
Width: 129 cm. (Bonaparte and Coria, 1993, pg. 3)
Second(?) Dorsal Vertebrae (Bonaparte and Coria, 1993, pg. 4-5):
Height: 115 cm.
Posterior Vertebrae Body/Centrum:
Length: 47 cm.
Width: 60 cm.
Largest Posterior Dorsal Body/Centrum:
Length: 50 cm. (Bonaparte and Coria, 1993, pg. 5)
Width:
Anterior: 46 cm. (Bonaparte and Coria, 1993, pg. 5)
Posterior: 60 cm. (Bonaparte and Coria, 1993, pg. 5) (SVPOW, 2017)
Body: 47.9 meters.
257.5 - 238 = 19.5.
19.5/238*100 = 8.2% increase.
47.9 m + 8.2% = 170 feet (51.8 meters).
Link:
Picture:
https://images.app.goo.gl/YWo6R7psZD4746Vq8
Website:
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dinosaur-experts-re-create-movement-of-giant-80-tonne-argentinosaurus-8915161.html
Paul (2019) (Pg. 339 Table 1):
http://www.gspauldino.com/Titanomass.pdf
Novas (2009) (Pg. 205):
https://books.google.com/books?id=dXYi6j7QQ-YC&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=argentinosaurus+fibula&source=bl&ots=PcVVpFpmew&sig=ACfU3U1bXynr8FSy9kLcXfQynA_vVp2xeg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju-5LW2afpAhXJknIEHYmPAL0Q6AEwCnoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=argentinosaurus%20fibula&f=false
Vertebrae Body Definition:
Image:
https://images.app.goo.gl/MfYTu533Bv68yjB38
Website:
https://teachmeanatomy.info/back/bones/vertebral-column/
-About 250 cm. ("Same size as holotype") (Mazzetta et al., 2004, pg. 7)
-257.5 cm (Paul, 2019, pg. 339, Table 1).
Link:
http://www.gspauldino.com/Titanomass.pdf
Argentinosaurus' Total Length: 170 feet (51.8 meters).
Humerus: 156 cm.
Femur: 198 cm.
Length: 31.1 meters.
156 - 157.5 = 1.5.
1.5/156*100 = 1% increase.
31.1 m + 1% = 103 feet (31.4 meters).
157.5 - 169 = 11.5.
11.5/157.5*100 = 7.3% increase.
31.4 m + 7.3% = 111 feet (33.7 meters).
Link:
24. Notocolossus:
Humerus: 176 cm (Paul, 2019, Table 1).
Paralititan:
Humerus: 169 cm.
Length: 33.7 meters.
169 - 176 = 7.
7/169*100 = 4.1% increase.
33.7 m + 4.1% = 115 feet (35.1 meters).
Notocolossus' Total Length: 115 feet (35.1 meters).
Links:
Paul (2019):
http://www.gspauldino.com/Titanomass.pdf
Original Paper and Time:
Riga et al., (2016):
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep19165
*Femur (Paul and Larramendi, 2023, Table 3 [estimated]): 310.5 cm (largest estimate).
Ilium: 1.2 meters long. (Galton and Ayyasami, 2017, pg. 2)
Femur Distal Condylar Width: 75 cm. (Galton and Ayyasami, 2017, pg. 2)
Edit (6/15/20): Paul (2019) says that the tibia seems to be a "degraded" femur (pg. 350 and 352). Interestingly, Matt Wedel (2008) said this could have been the case as well ("And in this corner, the contenders: sauropods!," p. 3). Paul (2019) also says that the ilium is about the same size as Dreadnaughtus' (pg. 350 and 352). Therefore, I'll go with the ilium and femur lengths from comparisons with Dreadnaughtus.
Dreadnaughtus:
*Ilium:
Femur(?):
Update (8/3/23):
Femur (Paul and Larramendi, 2023, Table 3 [estimated]): 310.5 cm (largest estimate).
Femur:
Body Length: 170 feet (51.8 meters).
310.5 - 257.5 = 53.
53/257.5*100 = 20.6% increase.
51.8 m + 20.5% = 205 feet (62.5 meters).
*Tibia:
80/120*100 = 66.7% increase.
30 m + 66.7% = 164 feet (50.01 meters).
Tibia: 127 cm (Largest tibia of any titanosaur, according to Lacovara et al., 2014, p. 5 Table 7) (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, p. 7).
73/127*100 = 57.5% increase.
47.1 m + 57.5% = 243 feet (74.2 meters).
Bruhathkayosaurus' Total Length: 243 feet (74.2 meters).
Femur and Tibia Lengths (2023):
Paul and Larramendi (2023):
Link 2:Tibia, Ilium, Femur Distal Condylar Width:
Galton and Ayyasami (2017) (Pg. 2):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318428058_Purported_latest_bone_of_a_plated_dinosaur_Ornithischia_Stegosauria_a_dermal_plate_from_the_Maastrichtian_Upper_Cretaceous_of_southern_India
Tibia or Femur:
Paul (2019) (pg. 352):
http://www.gspauldino.com/Titanomass.pdf
https://svpow.com/category/titanosaur/bruhathkayosaurus/
http://dml.cmnh.org/1994Nov/msg00358.html
Mickey Mortimer (2001):
Ilium:
Paul (2019) (pg. 352):
http://www.gspauldino.com/Titanomass.pdf
John Schneidermen (1994):
http://dml.cmnh.org/1994Nov/msg00358.html
Length: 24.4 meters.
15.5 - 15.3 = 0.2.
0.2/15.3*100 = 1.3% increase.
24.4 m + 1.3% = 81 feet (24.7 meters).
Place: North America.
Patagotitan Holotype MPEF-PV 3400:
Cervical Vertebrae 7 Centrum Length: 120 cm (broken). (Carballido et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials, pg. 32)
Body: 47.3 meters.
120 - 123 = 3.
3/120*100 = 2.5% increase.
47.3 m + 2.5% = 159 feet (48.5 meters).
Wedel et al., (2000):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249962210_Sauroposeidon_proteles_A_New_Sauropod_from_the_Early_Cretaceous_of_Oklahoma
2nd Link:
https://sauroposeidon.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/wedel-et-al-2000-sauroposeidon-in-jvp.pdf
Wedel and Cifelli (2005) (Pg. 38):
Sauroposeidon as a Titanosaur, and "Paluxysaurus" is Sauroposeidon:
D'Emic and Foreman (2012) ("Abstract," pg. 884):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254315252_The_Beginning_of_the_Sauropod_Dinosaur_Hiatus_in_North_America_Insights_from_the_Lower_Cretaceous_Cloverly_Formation_of_Wyoming
-Rib is 175 cm long, but it's partial/the proximal half. ("Proximal" means closer to the body, as explained by Merriam-Webster and Lexico)
-Width at proximal end: 21 cm.
-Width at distal end: 12 cm.
-Calvo thinks there's a possibility that these bones could be related with Argentinosaurus. However, I can't find any other papers that talk about this specimen.
1. Proximal Part of Rib Length:
Hypothetically Complete Rib for Ruyangosaurus:
"Huangetitan" ruyangensis' Largest Dorsal Rib Length: 293 cm (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 28).
Width: 17.2 cm (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 15).
Ruyangosaurus' Dorsal Rib Width: 18 cm (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 15).
Body Length: 47.1 meters.
17.2 - 18 = 0.8.
0.8/17.2*100 = 4.7% increase.
293 cm + 4.7% = 306.8 cm for Ruyangosaurus' complete dorsal rib.
Hypothetically Complete Rib for MUCPv-251:
Width: 18 cm (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 15).
21 - 18 = 3.
3/18*100 = 16.7% increase.
306.8 + 16.7% = 358 cm for MUCPv-251's complete dorsal rib.
2. Hypothetically Complete Rib Length:
Width: 18 cm (Sassani and Bivens, 2017, pg. 15).
306.8 - 358 = 51.2.
51.2/306.8*100 = 16.7% increase.
47.1 m + 16.7% = 181 feet (55.0 meters).
Given the length of the animal, this was probably a titanosaur. Calvo (1999) said that a further examination of the specimen could deduce, or not, whether the specimen has any relationship with Argentinosaurus (p. 26). These were the largest animals from the Candeleros Formation. The rebbachisaur Limaysaurus was 71-84 feet long (21.5-25.6 meters), so it seems very unlikely that this specimen belongs to Limaysaurus. Within the Candeleros Formation, there are the titanosaurs Andesaurus at 80 feet long (24.4 meters), and MMCH-Pv 47 at 81 feet long (24.7 meters). The size of MUCPv-251 puts it up there with Argentinosaurus! Since I cannot find any other sources on this animal, I will place it as a titanosaur based on its size. Argentinosaurus was the largest titanosaur from South America. Based on MUCPv-251's size, this could potentially be the oldest recorded specimen of Argentinosaurus.
Calvo (1999) (Pg. 26):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284053211_Dinosaurs_and_other_vertebrates_of_the_Lake_Ezequiel_Ramos_Mexia_Area_Neuquen-Patagonia_Argentina
Merriam-Webster. "Proximal":
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/proximal
Lexico. "Proximal":
https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/proximal
Caudal vertebra 12 centrum length: 29.5 cm (largest one between 11-15) (Lacovara et al., 2014, Supplementary Materials pg. 39).
Caudal vertebra 15 centrum length: 26.1 cm (Lacovara et al., 2014, Supplementary Materials pg. 39).
Length: 30 meters.
Caudal vertebra 12:
26 - 29.5 = 3.5.
3.5/29.5*100 = 11.9% decrease.
30 m - 11.9% = 87 feet (26.4 meters).
*Caudal vertebra 15:
26 - 26.1 = 0.1.
0.1/26.1*100 = 0.4% decrease.
30 m - 0.4% = 98 feet (29.9 meters).
FSAC-KK 7000's Total Length: 98 feet (29.9 meters).
Supplementary Materials:
https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fsrep06196/MediaObjects/41598_2014_BFsrep06196_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Humerus: 156 cm.
Femur: 198 cm.
Length: 31.1 meters.
Kranz (No date) ("Abstract" p. 3):
https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/maryland/state-dinosaur-fossil/astrodon-johnstoni
Creveling (2013) (Pg. 3):
31. MOZ Pv 1221 (2020 Titanosaur from Candeleros Formation):
Note: I used my UMD student source to access the paper. I am a 2021 transfer student at UMD.
New 2021 titanosaur (MOZ Pv 1221) with other smaller sauropods from the Candeleros Formation (Otero et al., 2021. Figure 5) (Scale bar is 2 meters):
Last year, I wrote a post that talked about a possible specimen of giant sauropod (probably a titanosaur, and either closely related to, or is, Argentinosaurus) from the Candeleros Formation. Now, it seems that there is another titanosaur that coexisted with Giganotosaurus in the Candeleros Formation. It is said to have even 40 tons or more, and even been bigger than Patagotitan and probably Argentinosaurus (Otero et al., 20201, "Abstract") (Ian Randall, 2021) (Amy Woodyatt, 2021) (Bob Yirka, 2021)! The specimen is catalogued as MOZ Pv 1221.All I know is that G. carolinii finally has a giant titanosaur to tangle with! I will try to extrapolate a length for this animal once I can get the measurements! For now, I would say that this new titanosaur might be the same size, or perhaps bigger, than Patagotitan, just to be safe.
Size Estimation of MOZ Pv 1221:
I can't access the actual paper, but I've decided to try and formulate a size estimate for MOZ Pv 1221.
Caudal Vertebra:
I decided to do the vertebra first. I measured the centrum length of caudal 4 (C4). I don't know how long the scale bar is, so I measured it using an estimated 5 and 10 cm each. Using 5 cm, I obtained a length of 18 cm for the centrum. Using 10 cm, I got 35 cm. I compared the centrum length of MOZ Pv 1221 to Dreadnaughtus.
1. Caudal Centrum 4:
Dreadnaughtus:
Centrum 4 Length: 33 cm.
Body Length: 30 m.
18 - 33 = 15.
15/33*100 = 45.5% decrease.
30 m - 45.5% = 54 feet (16.4 meters).
35 - 33 = 2.
2/33*100 = 6.1% increase.
30 m + 6.1% = 104 feet (31.8 meters).
Patagotitan:
Holotype's Centrum 4 Length: 36 cm (Carballido et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials, p. 32).
Body Length: 47.3 meters.
35 - 36 = 1.
1/36*100 = 2.8% decrease.
47.3 m - 2.8% = 151 feet (46.0 meters).
*Actual length: 32 cm.
Dreadnaughtus:
Centrum 4 Length: 33 cm.
Body Length: 30 m.
33 - 32 = 1.
1/33*100 = 3% decrease.
30 m - 3% = 96 feet (29.1 meters).
2. Caudal Centrum 11:
Length: 29 cm.
Dreadnaughtus:
Centrum 4 Length: 27.2 cm.
Body Length: 30 m.
27.2 - 29 = 1.8.
1.8/27.2*100 = 6.6% increase.
30 m + 6.6% = 105 feet (32.0 meters).
Caudal centrum 11 is unknown in Patagotitan.
Coracoid:
I measured MOZ Pv 1221's coracoid second.
5 cm: 41 cm.
*10 cm: 82 cm.
Patagotitan Holotype:
Coracoid: 61.5 cm (Carballido et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials, p. 33).
Body: 47.3 m.
41 - 61.5 = 20.5.
20.5/61.5*100 = 33.3% decrease.
47.3 m - 33.3% = 104 feet (31.6 meters).
*82 - 61.5 = 20.5
20.5/61.5*100 = 33.3% increase.
47.3 m + 33.3% = 207 feet (63.1 meters).
Dreadnaughtus:
Coracoid Length: 68 cm (Left).
Body Length: 30 m.
41 - 68 = 27.
27/68*100 = 39.7% decrease.
30 m - 39.7% = 59 feet (18.1 meters).
*82 - 68 = 14.
14/68*100 = 20.6% increase.
30 m + 20.6% = 119 feet (36.2 meters).
Update (2/3/21): The pubis has been stated as being 10% longer than Patagotitan's (Mercedes Benialgo, 2021, para. 4) (Madeleine Muzdakis, 2021, para. 3).
Mercedes Benialgo (2021) (Para. 4) (Translated):
Madeleine Muzdakis (2021) (Para. 3):Only the holotype of Patagotitan (MPEF-PV 3400) has its pubis (140 cm) preserved (Carballido et al., 2017, Supplementary Materials, p. 34), and I got a length of 47.3 meters for it.47.3 m + 10% = 171 feet (52.0 meters) for MOZ Pv 1221.
140 cm + 10% = 154 cm for MOZ Pv 1221's pubis.
If the scale bar for the silhouette of the titanosaur in the "Discovery Site and List of Bones" figure picture is 2 meters, then I've obtained a measurement of about 130 cm (at best) for the pubis.
Update (2/9/21): Scale bar is 2 meters, but the pubis length is 166 cm ("Discussion para. 6):
Length: 166 cm.
*Patagotitan Holotype:
140 - 166 = 26.
26/140*100 = 18.6% increase.
47.3 m + 18.6% = 184 feet (56.1 meters).
*New Patagotitan pubis length: 152 cm (Otero et al., 2020, p. 9 Table 2).
152 - 166 = 14.
14/152*100 = 9.2% increase.
47.3 m + 9.2% = 170 feet (51.7 meters).
Dreadnaughtus:
Pubis: 140 cm.
Body Length: 30 cm.
140 - 166 = 26.
26/140*100 = 18.6% increase.
30 m + 18.6% = 117 feet (35.6 meters).
Futalognknosaurus:
Pubis: 137 cm (Calvo et al., 2007, p. 521).
Body Length: 31.1 meters.
137 - 166 = 29.
29/137*100 = 21.2% increase.
31.1 m + 21.2% = 124 feet (37.7 meters).
In total, MOZ Pv 1221 was 170 feet long (51.7 meters), based on the pubis compared to the holotype of Patagotitan. Based on the coracoid, a wider range of 119-207 feet (36.2-63.1 meters) was obtained. I'll go with 51.7 meters, since the authors keep using the pubis length. to give their estimate.
As to whether or not MOZ is Argentinosaurus, the authors say that they don't know. Argentinosaurus is extremely fragmentary, so more MOZ bones will have to be excavated to see if it is a specimen of Argentinosaurus ("Discussion" para. 4):
There might be hope yet that MOZ is Argentinosaurus, and that Argentinosaurus coexisted with Giganotosaurus. However, that question will have to remain open.
Link:
Otero et al., (2021):
"Abstract":
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019566712100001X
Link 2:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348461418_Report_of_a_giant_titanosaur_sauropod_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_Neuquen_Province_Argentina
Specimen Name:
https://images.app.goo.gl/y3PyKdTeR8oA4e647
Discovery and List of Bones:
https://images.app.goo.gl/6PKmajb6s6KYZZCr5
Coracoid:
https://images.app.goo.gl/tvGwXytxtSigtrT76
Caudal (Tail) Vertebrae:
https://images.app.goo.gl/iveF5JwBh2LqRcG96
Mercedes Benialgo (2021) (Para. 4):
https://www.conicet.gov.ar/cientificos-del-conicet-hallan-un-gigantesco-dinosaurio-cuello-largo-en-neuquen/?fbclid=IwAR0jfIA8pgkgncKmN0Q9HJnV_vlYGU_tD7SpAkNLcTVgFiU885zpa0TlrAs
Madeleine Muzdakis (2021) (Para. 3):
https://mymodernmet.com/dinosaur-fossil-titanosaur-argentina/
Ian Randall (2021):
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-9160381/Fossils-98-million-year-old-dino-unearthed-Argentina-largest-land-animal-ever.html
Amy Woodyatt (2021):
https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/19/americas/dinosaur-largest-titanosaur-intl-scli-scn/index.html
Bob Yirka (2021):
https://phys.org/news/2021-01-gigantic-dinosaur-unearthed-argentina-largest.html
My 2020 post on (?)Argentinosaurus/giant titanosaur from Candeleros Formation:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2020/08/a-giant-sauropod-argentinosaurus-from_22.html
My lengths for the other titanosaurs mentioned in this post:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/12/size-calculations-for-herbivorous.html
Lacovara et al., (2014):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265377777_A_Gigantic_Exceptionally_Complete_Titanosaurian_Sauropod_Dinosaur_from_Southern_Patagonia_Argentina
Link 2:
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep06196
Supplementary Materials:
https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fsrep06196/MediaObjects/41598_2014_BFsrep06196_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Carballido et al., (2017):
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/284/1860/20171219
Supplementary Materials (Pg. 32-34):
https://figshare.com/articles/Electronic_Supplementary_material_from_A_new_giant_titanosaur_sheds_light_on_body_mass_evolution_among_sauropod_dinosaurs/5297611
Otero et al., (2020) (P. 9 Table 2):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344346605_The_Appendicular_Osteology_of_Patagotitan_Mayorum_Dinosauria_Sauropoda
Calvo et al., (2007) (P. 521):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237289209_Anatomy_of_Futalognkosaurus_dukei_Calvo_Porfiri_Gonzalez_Riga_Kellner_2007_Dinosauria_Titanosauridae_from_the_Neuquen_Group_Late_Cretaceous_Patagonia_Argentina
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237828086_Description_of_a_titanosaurid_caudal_series_from_the_Bauru_Group_Late_Cretaceous_of_Brazil
Time:
Link 2:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=85463
(Taken from Galton and Jensen, 1973, pg. 145):
Femur: 15.1 cm.
Links:
Galton and Jensen (1973) (Pg. 145):
http://geology.byu.edu/home/sites/default/files/geo-stud-vol-20-galton-jensen1.pdf
Marsh (1877) (Pg. 255):
http://marsh.dinodb.com/marsh/Marsh%201877%20-%20Notice%20of%20some%20new%20vertebrate%20fossils.pdf
"Nanosaurus victor" is a different animal named Hallopus victor:
Marsh (1881) (Pg. 422):
http://marsh.dinodb.com/marsh/Marsh%201881%20-%20Principal%20characters%20of%20American%20Jurassic%20dinosaurs,%20Part%20V.pdf
All Specimens:
Carpenter and Galton (2016) (Pg. 170-177):
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/880a/79257a03d5d960e74221c3867ef9551b0fed.pdf
2. Camptosaurus:
C. aphanoecetes:
CM 15780:
Femur: 40 cm. (Measured on 9/20/19 in Carpenter and Lammana, 2015, Figure 2, "A," Anterior)
Link:
Carpenter and Lammana (2015) (Figure 2, "A," Anterior):
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Right-hind-limb-of-Camptosaurus-aphanoecetes-Carnegie-Quarry-field-number-315-CM_fig2_286479786
Picture:
https://www.nps.gov/dino/learn/nature/camptosaurus-aphanoecetes.htm
More Femurs:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Femora-of-Camptosaurus-aphanoecetes-CM-11337-left-femur-A-lateral-B-anterior-C_fig19_232693512
Time:
Kenneth Carpenter (2013) (Pg. 160-161):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274783962_History_Sedimentology_and_Taphonomy_of_the_Carnegie_Quarry_Dinosaur_National_Monument_Utah
Kenneth Carpenter (2008) (Pg. 232):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232693512_A_New_Species_of_Camptosaurus_Ornithopoda_Dinosauria_from_the_Morrison_Formation_Upper_Jurassic_of_Dinosaur_National_Monument_Utah_and_a_Biomechanical_Analysis_of_Its_Forelimb
Femur: 33 inches (83.84 cm).
Tibia: 30 inches (76.2 cm).
Mantellisaurus' Total Length: 26 feet (7.8 meters).
Time:
Ross and Cook (1995):
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667185710440
Place: North America and Canada.
There are two species: E. regalis and E. annectens. E. regalis had a round head crest and was smaller. E. annectens was larger but it didn't have a head crest. (Bell et al., 2013, "Discussion," par. 2)
Link:
Link:
2. FMNH 15004:
Skull: 118 cm.
9.3/118*100 = 7.9% decrease.
https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app48-191.html
Eberth and Currie (2010):
https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/E10-045#.XiJWB7aZP-Y
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257448862_New_hadrosaurine_material_from_the_Wapiti_Formation_west-central_Alberta_Canada
Eberth and Kamo (2019):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336402205_High-precision_U-Pb_CA-ID-TIMS_dating_and_chronostratigraphy_of_the_dinosaur-rich_Horseshoe_Canyon_Formation_Upper_Cretaceous_Campanian-Maastrichtian_Red_Deer_River_valley_Alberta_Canada
Link 2:
https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjes-2019-0019#.XiJmi7aZP-Y
E. regalis' Total Length: 30-33 feet (9.0-9.9 meters).
Skull:
2. Specimen with a 137-cm Long Femur (SWAU):
3. MOR 003:
Skull: 137 cm. (Measured on 9/15/19 in Campione and Evans, 2011, pg. 3)
Skull: 118 cm.
Links:
Campione and Evans (2011) (pg. 3):
Edmontosaurus' Total Length: 30-62 feet (9.0-18.9 meters).
MCPA-Pv SM 43:
Femur: About a meter (100 cm). (Valieri et al., 2010, pg. 228)
MCPA-Pv SM 38:
Humerus: 55 cm. (Valieri et al., 2010, pg. 227)
Femur:
Humerus:
Link:
Valieri et al., (2010) (Pg. 220):
https://web.archive.org/web/20110903014352/http://www.macn.secyt.gov.ar/investigacion/descargas/publicaciones/revista/12/rns_vol12-2_217-231.pdf
Link 2:
http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1853-04002010000200006
Time: Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous period: 72-66 million years ago.
Place: Asia.
Femur:
Left:
110 cm (at best). (Measured on 9/23/19 in Asian Scientist Newsroom, 2017)
117 cm. (Measured on 9/23/19 in Kobayashi et al., 2019, Figure 3. "M," Anterior)
*Ilium: 99.5 cm (at best). (Measured on 9/23/19 in Kobayashi et al., 2019, Figure 3. "L," Medial?)
Kamuysaurus' Total Length: 36 feet (10.9 meters).
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2017.1317766?journalCode=ghbi20
Picture:
NewsGram (2017):
Time:
Link 1:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2010.00716.x
Link 2:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268218492_The_Upper_Cretaceous_Hakobuchi_Formation_of_the_Yezo_Group_in_the_Kotanbetsu_area_Hokkaido_northeast_Japan
Link 3:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667104001065
7. Iguanodon:
Iguanodon's Total Length: 45 feet (13.8 meters).
Link:
Links:
Links:
Xing et al., (2011):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270912185_Comparative_Osteology_and_Phylogenetic_Relationship_of_Edmontosaurus_and_Shantungosaurus_Dinosauria_Hadrosauridae_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_North_America_and_East_Asia
Link 2:
Paleofile:
"Huaxiaosaurus" is also Shantungosaurus. (Paleofile)
Femur: 172 cm.
Shantungasaurus ("Zhuchengosaurus") Specimen with a 170-cm Femur:
Body: 16.0 meters.
Paleofile:
Ilium: 60.6 cm (at best). (Measured on 9/22/19 in Gilpin et al., 2007, pg. 83, "C," Lateral)
*Ilium: 83.5 cm (at best). (Measured on 9/22/19 in McDonald et al., 2010, Figure 14, "A," Lateral) (I got it twice)
Scapula:
Lateral ("A"): 54 cm. (Measured on 9/20/19 in McDonald et al., 2010, Figure 13)
Lateral ("C") (Blade held against detached caudal end of scapula): 77.4 cm (at best) (up to red line). (Measured on 9/20/19 in McDonald et al., 2010, Figure 13)
Fibula: 63 cm. (Measured on 9/20/19 in McDonald et al., 2010, Figure 15) (Table 1 says this too)
11. Thescelosaurus:
Place: North America and Canada. (Galton, 1974, pg. 1049)
1. AMNH 5031:
Tibia (Largest): 36.5 cm. (Galton, 1974, pg. 1056)
Cedrorestes:
Tibia: 64 cm.
Body: 6.6 meters.
Link:
Galton (1974) (pg. 1049 and 1056):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290807721_Notes_on_Thescelosaurus_a_conservative_ornithopod_dinosaur_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_North_America_with_comments_on_ornithopod_classification
2. AMNH 5034:
Humerus (Largest): 32.1 cm. (Galton, 1974, pg. 1056)
AMNH 5031:
Humerus: 20.9 cm. (Galton, 1974, pg. 1056)
Length: 3.8 meters.
Link:
Galton (1974) (pg. 1049 and 1056):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290807721_Notes_on_Thescelosaurus_a_conservative_ornithopod_dinosaur_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_North_America_with_comments_on_ornithopod_classification
Thescelosaurus' Total Length: 13-19 feet (3.8-5.8 meters).
1. Protoceratops:
Femur: 10 cm (Slowiak et al., 2019, Table 1).
Eoraptor:
Femur: 15.2 cm.
Length: 1.4 meters.
10 - 15.2 = 5.2.
5.2/15.2*100 = 34.2% decrease.
1.4 m - 34.2% = 3 feet (0.9 meters).
Protoceratops' Total Length: 3 feet (0.9 meters).
Link:
Slowiak et al., (2019) (Table 1):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6657679/#!po=0.295858
2. Centrosaurus:
1. YPM (Holotype of “C. flexus”):
Femur: 78.9 (Lull, 1867, pg. 60).
Protoceratops:
Femur: 10 cm.
Body: 0.9 meters.
10 - 78.9 = 68.9.
68.9/10*100 = 689% increase.
0.9 m + 689% = 23 feet (7.1 meters).
Other info:
Skull: 157 cm (Osborn, 1917, pg. 287).
2. Largest Femur (Lull, 1867, pg. 60):
Length: 80 cm.
YPM (Holotype):
Femur: 78.9 cm.
Body: 7.1 m.
78.9 - 80 = 1.1.
1.1/78.9*100 = 1.4% in.
7.1 m + 1.4% = 24 feet (7.2 meters).
Centrosaurus' Total Length: 23-24 feet (7.1-7.2 meters).
Links:
Lull (1867) (Pg. 60):
https://archive.org/details/revisionofcerato33lull/page/122/mode/2up
Skull:
Osborn (1917) (Pg. 287):
Date:
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1336
Fossilworks:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=63911
Link 2:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=38854
3. Styracosaurus:
Skull: 186.1 cm (Lull, 1867, pg. 89).
Centrosaurus:
Skull: 157 cm.
Body: 7.1 m.
157 - 186.1 = 29.1.
29.1/157*100 = 18.5% increase.
7.1 m + 18.5% = 28 feet (8.4 meters).
Styracosaurus' Total Length: 28 feet (8.4 meters).
Links:
Lull (1867) (Pg. 60):
https://archive.org/details/revisionofcerato33lull/page/122/mode/2up
Fossilworks:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=56144
Link 2:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=38860
Triceratops:
Time: Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous period: 72-66 million years ago.Place: North America.
T. horridus:
1. YPM 1820 (Holotype):
Skull: 6 ft 8 in. (203.2 cm) (Lull, 1867, pg. 116).
Centrosaurus:
Skull: 157 cm.
Body: 7.1 m.
157 - 203.2 = 46.2.
46.2/157*100 = 29.4% in.
7.1 m + 29.4% = 30 feet (9.2 meters).
Styracosaurus:
Skull: 186.1 cm.
Body: 8.4 meters.
186.1 - 203.2 = 17.1.
17.1/186.1*100 = 9.2% in.
8.4 m + 9.2% = 30 feet (9.2 meters).
Link:
Lull (1867) (Pg. 60):
https://archive.org/details/revisionofcerato33lull/page/122/mode/2up
T. prorsus:
2. YPM 1822 (Holotype):
Skull:
-5 ft 1 in. (155 cm) (Lull, 1867, pg. 117).
-152.3 cm (Tokaryk, 1986, Table 1).
Centrosaurus:
Skull: 157 cm.
Body: 7.1 m.
157 - 152.3 = 4.7.
2/157*100 = 3% in.
7.1 m - 3% = 23 feet (6.9 meters).
Links:
Tokaryk (1986) (Table 1):
https://www.academia.edu/1113523/Ceratopsian_dinosaurs_from_the_Frenchman_Formation_Upper_Cretaceous_Saskatchewan
Lull (1867) (Pg. 60):
https://archive.org/details/revisionofcerato33lull/page/122/mode/2up
3. SMNH P1163.4:
Skull: 210.0 cm. (Tokaryk, 1986, Table 1)T. horridus YPM 1820 (Holotype):
Skull: 203.2 cm.
Body: 9.2 meters.
210 - 203.2 = 6.8.
6.8/203.2*100 = 3.4% increase.
9.2 m + 3.4% = 31 feet (9.5 meters).
Link:
Tokaryk (1986) (Table 1):
https://www.academia.edu/1113523/Ceratopsian_dinosaurs_from_the_Frenchman_Formation_Upper_Cretaceous_Saskatchewan
Uncertain Species:
4. MWC 7584:
Skull: 8.2 feet (2.5 meters). (Prehistoric Store)
T. prosus SMNH P1163.4:
Skull: 210.0 cm.
Body: 9.5 meters.
210 - 250 = 40.
40/210*100 = 19.1% increase.
9.5 m + 19.1% = 37 feet (11.3 meters).
Link:
Prehistoric Store:
http://www.prehistoricstore.com/item.php?item=768
Triceratops' Total Length: 23-37 feet (6.9-11.3 meters).
Picture:
http://blog.hmns.org/2017/04/5-of-the-rarest-objects-on-display-at-hmns/
Horns:
Farke et al., (2009):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2617760/
Articles:
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2009/01/triceratops-horns-arent-just-show
2nd:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2009/01/27/old-wounds-show-that-triceratops-used-its-horns-for-combat/
Bristles:
Last Paragraph:
https://www.theguardian.com/science/lost-worlds/2013/jun/10/dinosaurs-fossils
Torosaurus:
1. YPM 1831:
Skull: 2.6 meters (Longrich and Field, 2012, Figure 8 "A").
Body: 11.3 meters.
Links:
Longrich and Field (2012) (Figure 8 "A"):
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032623
Link 2 (Skull size is in paragraph above Figure 8):
Second Species:
Skull: 210.0 cm.
Body: 9.5 meters.
Gaston Design Inc. ("New Bravoceratops Skull"):
https://www.gastondesign.com/product/new-bravoceratops-skull/
Paper:
Wick and Lehman (2013):
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-013-1063-0
Skull: 1.8 meters (Farke, 2011, "Introduction" p. 2).
T. prorsus YPM 1822 (Holotype):
Skull: 152.3 cm.
Length: 6.9 meters.
152.3 - 180 = 27.7.
27.7/152.3*100 = 18.2% increase.
6.9 m + 18.2% = 27 feet (8.2 meters).
Nedoceratops' Total Length: 27 feet (8.2 meters).
Link:
Farke (2011) ("Introduction" p. 2):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024410/#:~:text=Nedoceratops%20hatcheri%2C%20a%20taxon%20erected,and%20figuring%2C%20and%20nomenclatural%20confusion.
1. "Sophie":
Length: 18 feet (5.6 meters). (The Guardian, 2014), p. 4
Humerus (Right): 45 cm. (Maidment et al., 2015, Table 3)
Femur (Right): 86.8 cm. (Maidment et al., 2015, Table 3)
Tibia (Right): 49.8 cm. (Maidment et al., 2015, Table 3)
Links:
Size:
The Guardian (2014) (P. 4):
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/dec/04/sophie-stegosaurus-london-natural-history-museum
Paper:
Maidment et al., (2015) (Table 3):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4605687/
2. USNM 4934:
Right Femur: 108.0 cm. (Revan et al., 2011, Table 4)
"Sophie":
Length: 18 feet (5.6 meters).
Humerus (Right): 45 cm.
Femur (Right): 86.8 cm.
Tibia (Right): 49.8 cm.
86.8 - 108.0 = 21.2.
21.2/86.8*100 = 24.4% increase.
5.6 m + 24.4% = 23 feet (7.0 meters).
Link:
Revan et al., (2011) (Table 4):
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9504/4daee27fb47dbdea7ef06c87b534fffa5866.pdf
3. YPM Mount:
Right Femur: 133.88 cm.
108 - 133.88 = 25.88.
25.88/108*100 = 24% increase.
7 m + 24% = 29 feet (8.7 meters).
Link:
Revan et al., (2011) (Table 4):
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9504/4daee27fb47dbdea7ef06c87b534fffa5866.pdf
Stegosaurus' Total Length: 18-29 feet (5.6-8.7 meters).
Other Links:
Picture:
https://www.dkfindout.com/us/dinosaurs-and-prehistoric-life/dinosaurs/stegosaurus/
Time:
Tithonian:
Maidment et al., (2015) ("Geological Setting," p. 5):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4605687/
2. Kentrosaurus:
Largest femur from Redelstorff et al., (2013):
MB.R.3598: 75 cm. (Table 1)
Stegosaurus Specimen "Sophie":
Femur (Right): 86.8 cm.
Length: 18 feet (5.6 meters).
75 - 86.8 = 11.8.
11.8/75*100 = 15.7% decrease.
5.6 m - 15.7% = 15 feet (4.7 meters).
Link:
Redelstorff et al., (2013) (Table 1):
https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ar.22701
Kentrosaurus' Total Length: 15 feet (4.7 meters).
1. Denversaurus:
Time: Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous period: 72-66 million years ago.
Place: North America.
"Tank" (BHIGR):
Skull: 61 cm.
Length: 18 feet (5.5 meters).
Link:
Size:
http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=486
http://www.bhigr.com/media/zooms/zoomFlash.php?path=Denversaurus-Poster_01_sm
Skull:
http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=487
2. Ankylosaurus:
Time: Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous period: 72-66 million years ago.
Place: North America.
1. AMNH 5895 (Holotype):
Skull: 61 cm (Complete). (Carpenter, 2004, pg. 963)
Denversaurus Specimen "Tank":
Skull: 61 cm.
Length: 18 feet (5.5 meters).
Based on Denversaurus, AMNH would have been 18 feet (5.5 meters long).
Link:
Carpenter (2004) (pg. 963):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169223_Redescription_of_Ankylosaurus_magniventris_Brown_1908_Ankylosauridae_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_the_Western_Interior_of_North_America
2. NMC 8880/CMN 8880:
Skull:
64.5 cm. (Carpenter, 2004, pg. 963)
67.1 cm. (Arbor and Mallon, 2017, pg. 771, Table 1)
Denversaurus Specimen "Tank":
Skull: 61 cm.
Length: 18 feet (5.5 meters).
64.5 - 61 = 3.5.
3.5/61*100 = 5.7% increase.
5.5 m + 5.7% = 19 feet (5.8 meters).
67.1 - 61 = 6.1.
6.1/61*100 = 10% increase.
5.5 m + 10% = 20 feet (6.1 meters).*
Links:
Carpenter (2004) (pg. 963):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169223_Redescription_of_Ankylosaurus_magniventris_Brown_1908_Ankylosauridae_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_the_Western_Interior_of_North_America
Arbor and Mallon (2017) (pg. 771, Table 1):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320349340_Unusual_cranial_and_postcranial_anatomy_in_the_archetypal_ankylosaur_Ankylosaurus_magniventris
3. AMNH 5214:
Skull: 55.5 cm. (Carpenter, 2004, pg. 963)
Femur: 67 cm. (Arbor and Mallon, 2017, pg. 783, Table 4)
AMNH 5895 (Holotype):
Skull: 61 cm.
Length: 18 feet (5.5 meters).
61 - 55.5 = 5.5.
5.5/61*100 = 9% decrease.
5.5 m - 9% = 16 feet (5.0 meters).
Links:
Carpenter (2004) (pg. 963):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237169223_Redescription_of_Ankylosaurus_magniventris_Brown_1908_Ankylosauridae_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_the_Western_Interior_of_North_America
Arbor and Mallon (2017) (pg. 783, Table 4):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320349340_Unusual_cranial_and_postcranial_anatomy_in_the_archetypal_ankylosaur_Ankylosaurus_magniventris
Ankylosaurus' Total Length: 16-20 feet (5.0-6.1 meters).
Tail Club:
Arbour (2009):
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006738
Article:
https://www.wired.com/2009/08/dinotails/
3. Gastonia:
CEUM 1307 (Holotype):
Skull: 29.5 cm. (Kirkland, 1998, pg. 273, "Description")
Denversaurus Specimen "Tank":
Skull: 61 cm.
Length: 18 feet (5.5 meters).
61 - 29.5 = 31.5.
31.5/61*100 = 51.6% decrease.
5.5 m - 51.6% = 9 feet (2.7 meters).
Gastonia's Total Length: 9 feet (2.7 meters).
Link:
Kirkland (1998) (Pg. 273, "Description"):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284495388_A_polacanthine_ankylosaur_Ornithischia_Dinosauria_from_the_Early_Cretaceous_Barremian_of_eastern_Utah
4. Nodosaurus:
Time: Albian-Cenomanian of the late Cretaceous period: 113-94 million years ago.
Place: North America.
Lengths taken from R.S. Lull (1921):
Ilium: 110 cm. (pg. 106)
Femur: 59.3 cm (almost complete). (pg. 115-116; pg. 117, number 5)
Tibia: 45.4 cm. (pg. 117, number 5)
Femur:
Ankylosaurus specimen AMNH 5214:
Femur: 67 cm.
Length: 16 feet (5.0 meters).
67 - 59.3 = 7.7.
7.7/67*100 = 11.5% decrease.
5 m - 11.5% = 14 feet (4.4 meters).
Nodosaurus' Total Length: 14 feet (4.4 meters).
Link:
R.S. Lull (1921):
https://books.google.com/books?id=sRtHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=ankylosaurus+ilium&source=bl&ots=4V_Kfnt-Fu&sig=ACfU3U2lwUswGltaz0UBAFSKHsgODZIh9A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH5N_S9-jpAhVOknIEHYngDjEQ6AEwGnoECBIQAQ#v=onepage&q=ankylosaurus%20ilium&f=false
Time:
Dinochecker ("Nodosaurus"):
http://www.dinochecker.com/dinosaurs/NODOSAURUS
5. Mymoorapelta:
Time: Kimmeridgian-Tithonian of the late Jurassic period: 157-145 million years ago.
Place: North America.
Ilium: 49.5 cm. (Kirkland and Carpenter, 1994, pg. 29, Figure 2)
Nodosaurus:
Ilium: 110 cm.
Length: 14 feet (4.4 meters).
110 - 49.5 = 60.5.
60.5/110*100 = 55% decrease.
4.4 m - 55% = 7 feet (2 meters).
Link:
Kirkland and Carpenter (1994) (Pg. 29, Figure 2):
http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Mymoorapelta-north-americas-first-pre-cretaceous-ankylosaur_Kirkland_et_al_1994.pdf
Time:
Kirkland and Carpenter (1994) (Pg. 26, Figure 1):
http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Mymoorapelta-north-americas-first-pre-cretaceous-ankylosaur_Kirkland_et_al_1994.pdf
Drumheller et al., (2020) ("Materials and Methods," "Geological setting"):
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0233115
Pachycephalosaurus:
Time: Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous period: 72-66 million years ago.
Place: North America.
"Sandy":
Length: 10 feet (3.0 meters). (Dinosaur Sanctuary)
Link:
Dinosaur Sanctuary:
https://dinosaursanctuary.com/pachycephalosaurus.html
Bone-head used for head-butting:
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0068620
Struthiomimus:
Two specimens, "Claws" and another one, are both 16 feet long (4.9 meters).
1. "Claws":
Length: 16 feet (4.9 meters). (BHIGR)
2. Specimen from Triebold Paleontology:
Length: 16 feet (4.9 meters).
Note: Struthiomimus could be either herbivorous due to a lack of teeth in its jaws, or maybe omnivorous due to the sharp claws at the end of its feet (BHIGR) (Stevene Jasinski, 2011, pg. 200). I'll keep it as a herbivore, based on Stevene Jasinski (2011) (Pg. 200).
Links:
Skeletons:
"Claws";
BHIGR:
http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=68&cat=29&page=1
Triebold Paleontology:
http://trieboldpaleontology.com/struthiomimus.html
Dietary Behavior:
BHIGR:
https://www.bhigr.com/pages/info/info_clws.htm
Stevene Jasinski (2011) (Pg. 200):
https://books.google.com/books?id=fugoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&dq=struthiomimus+diet&source=bl&ots=KZjfAnwjPu&sig=ACfU3U389IYjQSJTr7R5J58_pnnZJ1e9mQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi4uLmFgYXoAhWrlXIEHb61A_U4ChDoATAHegQIDRAB#v=onepage&q=struthiomimus%20diet&f=false
Time Periods:
International Chronostratigraphic Chart (2019 Version):
http://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2019-05.jpg
Link 2:
http://stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale