Dino Bios: Alamosaurus.

Alamosaurus:

Time: Campanian-Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous period: 84-66 million years ago.
Place: North America.
Length: 67-223 feet (20.4-67.9 meters). 
Diet: Herbivore.

Let's talk about Alamosaurus, one of the largest animals that ever lived!

Description:
Alamosaurus lived 84-66 million years ago in North America, during the Campanian-Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous period (Woodward, 2005, Chapter 2 Part 2: "Tectonic Setting" pg. 6) (Rivera-Sylva et al., 2006, pg. 66 "Geologic and Stratigraphic Setting") (Lehman et al., 2006, "Abstract") (Longrich et al., 2010, "Abstract," pg. 276) (Fowler and Sullivan, 2011, pg. 686 "Geological setting") (Wick et al., 2015, "Abstract") (Carrano and D'Emic, 2015, p. 2) (Tykoski and Fiorillo, 2016, "Geological setting"). It was 

67-223 feet long (20.4-67.9 meters), and was the largest dinosaur in its environment. Alamosaurus had osteoderms on its body, which is similar to saltasaurids (Carrano and D'Emic, 2015, pg. 3).

Sauropod dinosaurs had rhamphotheca, or a beak-like structure made of keratin. This beak would have protected the sauropod's teeth and kept them in place, since fossilized sauropod teeth are usually found in good condition and connected to their skulls (John Pickrell, 10/10/19) (Pickrell, 10/17/19). Interestingly, dinosaurs couldn't move their tongues (Mindy Weisberger, 2018) (ScienceDaily, 2018).

Alamosaurus Skeleton Reconstruction (EurekAlert!, 2016):

Friends:
Alamosaurus coexisted with Triceratops (20-30 feet; 6.2-9.2 meters), Ankylosaurus (18-20 feet; 5.5-6.1 meters), Denversaurus (18 feet; 5.5 meters), Edmontosaurus (24-51 feet; 7.4-15.6 meters), Pachycephalosaurus (10 feet; 3.0 meters), and Struthiomimus (16 feet; 4.9 meters).

Enemies:
Alamosaurus' predators consisted mainly of T. rex, but the tyrannosauroid Dryptosaurus
(24 feet; 7.3 meters) would've been a threat to the younger individuals. Another predator included the dromaeosaur Dakotaraptor (13-17 feet; 3.8-5.2 meters). Another enemy (maybe for the young mainly) was the azhdarchid pterasaur Quetzalcoatlus (52 feet; 15.7 meters).

Alamosaurus vs. T. rex from Black (2009):

Links:
First photo:

https://www.daz3d.com/alamosaurus

Time:
Campanian:
Woodward (2005) (Chapter 2 Part 2: "Tectonic Setting" pg. 6):
https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/handle/2346/1091

Rivera-Sylva et al., (2006) (Pg. 66 "Geologic and Stratigraphic Setting"):

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose_Ruben_Guzman_Gutierrez/publication/230820160_Preliminary_Report_on_a_vertebrate_fossil_assemblage_from_the_Late_Cretaceous_of_Chihuahua_Mexico/links/09e41504f8373a8fce000000/Preliminary-Report-on-a-vertebrate-fossil-assemblage-from-the-Late-Cretaceous-of-Chihuahua-Mexico.pdf

Longrich et al., (2010):
Pg. 276:
https://www.academia.edu/229425/Texacephale_langstoni_a_new_genus_of_pachycephalosaurid_Dinosauria_Ornithischia_from_the_upper_Campanian_Aguja_Formation_southern_Texas_USA
("Abstract"):
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667109001402?via%3Dihub

Wick et al., (2015) ("Abstract"):

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018214005835

Maastrichtian:
Lehman et al., (2006) ("Abstract"):
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524643?seq=1
Fowler and Sullivan (2011) (Pg. 686 "Geological setting"):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285599862_The_first_giant_titanosaurian_sauropod_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_of_North_America
Carrano and D'Emic (2015) (Pg. 2):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272413111_Osteoderms_of_the_Titanosaur_Sauropod_Dinosaur_Alamosaurus_sanjuanensis_Gilmore_1922

Tykoski and Fiorillo (2016) ("Geological setting"):

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2016.1183150

International Chronostratigraphic Chart (2020):

https://stratigraphy.org/timescale/

International Commission of Stratigraphy Website:

https://stratigraphy.org/news/130

Size:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/12/size-calculations-for-herbivorous.html
Osteoderms:
Carrano and D'Emic (2015) (Pg. 3):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272413111_Osteoderms_of_the_Titanosaur_Sauropod_Dinosaur_Alamosaurus_sanjuanensis_Gilmore_1922
Beak:
John Pickrell (10/10/19):
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/10/giant-sauropod-dinosaurs-may-have-sported-turtlelike-beaks
John Pickrell (10/17/19):
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/10/sauropods-grew-big-munching-superfoods-sturdy-beaks
Tongue:
Mindy Weisberger (2018):
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/t-rex-couldnt-stick-out-its-tongue/
ScienceDaily (2018):
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180620150129.htm
Skeleton Reconstruction:
EurekAlert! (2016):
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-06/pmon-pmr062016.php
Phys (2016):
https://phys.org/news/2016-06-massive-vertebrae-alamosaurus-sanjuanensis.html
Friends:
Triceratops:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/12/size-calculations-for-herbivorous.html
Ankylosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/12/size-calculations-for-herbivorous.html
Denversaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/12/size-calculations-for-herbivorous.html
Edmontosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/12/size-calculations-for-herbivorous.html
Pachycephalosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/12/size-calculations-for-herbivorous.html
Struthiomimus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/12/size-calculations-for-herbivorous.html
Enemies:
Tyrannosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2017/09/tyrannosaurus-rex-facts.html
Riley Black (3/23/09):
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/tyrannosaurus-vs-alamosaurus-41135601/
Riley Black (3/25/09):
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/see-tyrannosaurus-take-a-bite-out-of-alamosaurus-41321171/
Dryptosaurus:
Time:
Brusatte et al., (2011):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281043562_The_Anatomy_of_Dryptosaurus_aquilunguis_Dinosauria_Theropoda_and_a_Review_of_Its_Tyrannosauroid_Affinities
Size:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/10/calculations-for-largest-theropods.html
Appalachiosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/10/calculations-for-largest-theropods.html
Teratophoneus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/10/calculations-for-largest-theropods.html
Gorgosaurus:
Time:
Fossilworks ("Gorgosaurus libratus"):
http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=65359
Size:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/10/calculations-for-largest-theropods.html
Bistahieversor:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/10/calculations-for-largest-theropods.html
Daspletosaurus:
Time:
Fossilworks:
"Daspletosaurus torosus":
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=57258
"Daspletosaurus horneri"
http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=351539
Size:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/10/calculations-for-largest-theropods.html
Lythronax:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/10/calculations-for-largest-theropods.html
Albertosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/10/calculations-for-largest-theropods.html
Dakotaraptor:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2018/10/calculations-for-largest-theropods.html
Quetzalcoatlus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2019/05/size-calculations-for-pterosaurs.html

Sauroposeidon as a Titanosaur, and "Paluxysaurus" is Sauroposeidon:
D'Emic and Foreman (2012) ("Abstract," pg. 884):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254315252_The_Beginning_of_the_Sauropod_Dinosaur_Hiatus_in_North_America_Insights_from_the_Lower_Cretaceous_Cloverly_Formation_of_Wyoming

Link 2:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23251280?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents