Dryptosaurus holotype skeleton ANSP 9995 (cast) (Delaware Museum of Natural History):
.jpg)
Photo:
https://images.app.goo.gl/4Ma9Nwjkm8WY11Zh6
Delaware Museum of Natural History:
https://delmns.org/metamorphosis-in-progress/
The Percentage Increase/Decrease Method:
1. Take new number and subtract it from original number.
2. Take that number and divide it by the original number and multiply by 100.
3. That number will by your percentage increase or decrease if it's negative.
132.7 - 130 = 2.7.
2.7 divided by (represented by "/") and multiplied by (represented by "*") equals 2.1.
(2.7/130*100 = 2.1)
2.1 is your percentage increase, or 2.1% increase.
12.2 m + 2.1% = 12.5 meters for "Wyrex."
Links:
Percentage Increase/Decrease Method Links:
"Percentage Change - Percentage Increase and Decrease." SkillsYouNeed:
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/percent-change.html
"Relative Increase." percentage.calculators.ro:
https://percentages.calculators.ro/15-percentage-increase-from-original-number-to-new-value.php
1. ANSP 9995 (Holotype):
Femur (Brusatte et al., 2011, p. 27 Figure 15, A). Scale bar (first one) is 10 cm:
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-78.1 or 80 cm (Brusatte et al., 2011, p. 20 Table 2; p. 47 Table 3)
-My measurement: 81 cm (Measured on 5/7/22 in Brusatte et al., 2011, p. 27 Figure 15, A).
-Estimated full length: 35.5 inches (90.2 cm) (Cope 1869, p. 104).
-Estimated full length: 35.5 inches (90.2 cm) (Cope 1869, p. 104).
Allosaurus fragilis Specimen USNM 4734:
Femur: 85 cm.
Body: 26 feet (7.9 meters).
78.1 cm:
85 - 78.1 = 6.9.
6.9/85*100 = 8.1% decrease.
7.9 m - 8.1% = 24 feet (7.3 meters).
81 cm:
85 - 81 = 4.
4/85*100 = 4.9% decrease.
7.9 m - 4.9% = 25 feet (7.5 meters).
81 cm:
85 - 81 = 4.
4/85*100 = 4.9% decrease.
7.9 m - 4.9% = 25 feet (7.5 meters).
90.2 cm:
90.2 - 85 = 5.2.
5.2/85*100 = 6.1% increase.
90.2 - 85 = 5.2.
5.2/85*100 = 6.1% increase.
7.9 m + 6.1% = 28 feet (8.4 meters).
ANSP 9995's total length: 28 feet (8.4 meters).
Holotype's stats:
Humerus (p. 19 Figure 11 C): 30.5 cm (at best).
Manual phalanx 1-1 (p. 22 Figure 12, A): 16 cm (at best/most) (Also noted on pp. 20 Table 1 and 47 Table 3) (Note: Incomplete near distal end. Check Table 1).
Femur (p. 27 Figure 15 A): 81 cm (at best).
Tibia (p. 31 Figure 18 A): 81 cm (at best).
Fibula (p. 34 Figure 19 D): 46.5 cm (at best) (Incomplete; see p. 20) (Carpenter et al., 1997, p. 568).
Holotype's stats:
Humerus (p. 19 Figure 11 C): 30.5 cm (at best).
Manual phalanx 1-1 (p. 22 Figure 12, A): 16 cm (at best/most) (Also noted on pp. 20 Table 1 and 47 Table 3) (Note: Incomplete near distal end. Check Table 1).
Femur (p. 27 Figure 15 A): 81 cm (at best).
Tibia (p. 31 Figure 18 A): 81 cm (at best).
Fibula (p. 34 Figure 19 D): 46.5 cm (at best) (Incomplete; see p. 20) (Carpenter et al., 1997, p. 568).
Link:
Brusatte et al., (2011):
2. BMRP 2006.4.4 ("Petey"):
Femur (Woodland et al., 2020, Supplementary Information, p. 9 Figure S2 C):%20femur%20(Woodward%20et%20al.,%202020,%20Supplementary%20Information,%20p.%209%20Figure%20S2%20C).png)
-77.4 cm (Woodland et al., 2020, "Materials and Methods" p. 1).
-My measurement: 79 cm (Measured on 5/7/22 in Woodward et al., 2020, Supplementary Information, p. 9 Figure S2 C).
Age: 15. (Woodland et al., 2020, "Results" p. 4, "Ontogenetic age: p. 1) (Carr, 2020, Figure 12, Number 7)
Dryptosaurus holotype:
Femur: 90.2 cm.
Body length: 8.4 meters.
90.2 - 79 = 11.2.
11.2/90.2*100 = 12.4% decrease.
8.4 m - 12.4% = 24 feet (7.4 meters).
Age: 15. (Woodland et al., 2020, "Results" p. 4, "Ontogenetic age: p. 1) (Carr, 2020, Figure 12, Number 7)
Dryptosaurus holotype:
Femur: 90.2 cm.
Body length: 8.4 meters.
90.2 - 79 = 11.2.
11.2/90.2*100 = 12.4% decrease.
8.4 m - 12.4% = 24 feet (7.4 meters).
BMRP 2006.4.4's total length: 24 feet (7.4 meters).
Link:
Nanotyrannus is a species of Dryptosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2021/08/evidence-of-subadult-nanotyrannus.html
Woodland et al., (2020) ("Materials and Methods" p. 1):
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/1/eaax6250
Carr (2020) (Figure 12):
.png)
Length:
Link:
Nanotyrannus is a species of Dryptosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2021/08/evidence-of-subadult-nanotyrannus.html
Woodland et al., (2020) ("Materials and Methods" p. 1):
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/1/eaax6250
Carr (2020) (Figure 12):
3. BMRP 2002.4.1 ("Jane"):
*Femur: 72.0 cm (Larson, 2013, p. 18) (Woodward et al., 2020, Materials and Methods, p. 1) (Theropod Database, Tyrannosaurus rex).
*Femur: 72.0 cm (Larson, 2013, p. 18) (Woodward et al., 2020, Materials and Methods, p. 1) (Theropod Database, Tyrannosaurus rex).
Age: 11-13. (Erickson et al., 2006, Supplementary Materials, pg. 13) (Woodland et al., 2020, "Results" p. 4, "Ontogenetic age" p.1) (Carr, 2020, Figure 12, Number 5).
Skull: 77.7 cm (Measured on 8/28/21 in Brusatte et al., 2010, Figure 1 E).
Maxilla: 48 cm (at best) (Measured on 6/10/22 in Brusatte et al., 2010, Figure 1, E).
Skull: 77.7 cm (Measured on 8/28/21 in Brusatte et al., 2010, Figure 1 E).
Maxilla: 48 cm (at best) (Measured on 6/10/22 in Brusatte et al., 2010, Figure 1, E).
Dentary: 52 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/20/22 in Brusatte et al., 2010).
Dentary tooth row length: 31.5 cm (Measured in photo from Dalman).
Ilium: 79.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/20/22 from Holtz's pic).
Humerus: 29.1 cm (Measured on 5/7/22 from Holtz's Twitter Post).
Tibia: 89.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/7/22 in Woodward et al., 2020, Supplementary Information, p. 9 Figure S2 B).
"Jane" and baby T. rex specimen BHI 6439 dentaries (Photo was give to me by Sebastian Dalman):.jpg)
Humerus (left) compared to T. rex specimen "Sue" (Holtz's Twitter Post):.JPG)
Tibia (Woodward et al., 2020, Supplementary Information, p. 9 Figure S2 B):Dentary tooth row length: 31.5 cm (Measured in photo from Dalman).
Ilium: 79.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/20/22 from Holtz's pic).
Humerus: 29.1 cm (Measured on 5/7/22 from Holtz's Twitter Post).
Tibia: 89.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/7/22 in Woodward et al., 2020, Supplementary Information, p. 9 Figure S2 B).
Skull (Brusatte et al., 2010, Figure 1, E). Scale bar is 10 cm:
.jpg)
.JPG)
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*1. Femur:
Body length: 7.4 meters.
79 - 72 = 7.
7/79*100 = 8.9% decrease.
7.4 m - 8.9% = 22 feet (6.7 meters).
BMRP 2006.4.4 ("Petey"):
Femur: 79 cm. Body length: 7.4 meters.
79 - 72 = 7.
7/79*100 = 8.9% decrease.
7.4 m - 8.9% = 22 feet (6.7 meters).
2. Humerus:
ANSP 9995 (Holotype):
Humerus: 30.5 cm.
Length: 7.5 m.
30.5 - 29.1 = 1.4.
1.4/30.5*100 = 4.6% decrease.
7.5 m - 4.6% = 24 feet (7.2 meters).
ANSP 9995 (Holotype):
Humerus: 30.5 cm.
Length: 7.5 m.
30.5 - 29.1 = 1.4.
1.4/30.5*100 = 4.6% decrease.
7.5 m - 4.6% = 24 feet (7.2 meters).
Humerus for holotype is incomplete, so I'm going with the femur length.
BMRP 2002.4.1's Total Length: 22 feet (6.7 meters).
"Jane's" stats:
Age: 13 (Woodland et al., 2020, "Results" p. 4, "Ontogenetic age" p.1) (Carr, 2020, Figure 12, Number 5).
Length: 22 feet (6.7 meters).
Skull: 77.7 cm (Measured on 8/28/21 in Brusatte et al., 2010, Figure 1 E).
Maxilla: 36.7 cm (My measurement from Peterson and Daus, 2019).
Dentary: 52 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/20/22 in Brusatte et al., 2010).
Dentary tooth row length: 31.5 cm (Measured in photo from Dalman).
Ilium: 79.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/20/22 from Holtz's lecture pic).
Femur: 72.0 cm (Larson, 2013, p. 18) (Woodward et al., 2020, Materials and Methods, p. 1) (Theropod Database, Tyrannosaurus rex).
Humerus: 29.1 cm (Measured on 5/7/22 from Holtz's Twitter Post).
Tibia: 89.5 cm (at best) (Measured on 5/7/22 in Woodward et al., 2020, Supplementary Information, p. 9 Figure S2 B).
Links:
Nanotyrannus is a species of Dryptosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2021/08/evidence-of-subadult-nanotyrannus.html
Theropod Database. Tyrannosaurus rex:
http://theropoddatabase.com/Tyrannosauroidea.html#Tyrannosaurusrex
Woodland et al., (2020) (Materials and Methods, para. 1; Results, para. 4; Ontogenetic age, para.1):
Links:
Nanotyrannus is a species of Dryptosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2021/08/evidence-of-subadult-nanotyrannus.html
Theropod Database. Tyrannosaurus rex:
http://theropoddatabase.com/Tyrannosauroidea.html#Tyrannosaurusrex
Woodland et al., (2020) (Materials and Methods, para. 1; Results, para. 4; Ontogenetic age, para.1):
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/1/eaax6250
https://peerj.com/articles/9192/
Erickson et al., (2006) (Supplementary Materials) (Pg. 13):
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2006/07/11/313.5784.213.DC1/Erickson.SOM.pdf
Supplementary Materials:
https://www.science.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax6250&file=aax6250_sm.pdf
Carr (2020) (Figure 12):https://peerj.com/articles/9192/
Erickson et al., (2006) (Supplementary Materials) (Pg. 13):
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2006/07/11/313.5784.213.DC1/Erickson.SOM.pdf
Brusatte et al., (2010) (Figure 1):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46288434_Tyrannosaur_Paleobiology_New_Research_on_Ancient_Exemplar_Organisms
Dalman (pers. comm.).
Holtz's Twitter Post:
https://twitter.com/TomHoltzPaleo/status/1367247262124929026?s=20
Larson (2013):
https://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-tyrannosaurid-paleobiology.pdf
4. CMNH 7541 (Holotype of "Gorgosaurus lancensis"/"Nanotyrannus lancensis"):
Skull (Dalman et al., 2018, Figure 15 D):
Skull (Dalman et al., 2018, Figure 15 D):
Skull: 53 cm (My measurement) (Measured on 8/28/21 in Dalman et al., 2018, Figure 15 D).
Dentary: 38.9 cm (My measurement) (Measured on 8/28/21 in Dalman et al., 2018, Figure 15 D).
Age: 7 (Carr, 2020, Figure 12 Number 4).
Age: 7 (Carr, 2020, Figure 12 Number 4).
Allosaurus specimen USNM 4734:
Skull: 60.5 cm. Body: 26 feet (7.9 meters).
60.5 - 53 = 7.5.
7.5/60.5*100 = 12.4% decrease.
7.9 m - 12.4% = 6.9 meters.
7.5/60.5*100 = 12.4% decrease.
7.9 m - 12.4% = 6.9 meters.
*BMRP 2002.4.1 ("Jane"):
Skull: 77.7 cm.
Skull: 77.7 cm.
Body: 6.7 meters.
77.7 - 53 = 24.7.
24.7/77.7*100 = 31.8% decrease.
6.7 m - 31.8% = 15 feet (4.9 meters).
77.7 - 53 = 24.7.
24.7/77.7*100 = 31.8% decrease.
6.7 m - 31.8% = 15 feet (4.9 meters).
CMNH's Total Length: 15 feet (4.6 meters).
Links:
Nanotyrannus is a species of Dryptosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2021/08/evidence-of-subadult-nanotyrannus.html
.png)
Length: 81 cm (at best) (Note: Skull was crushed by Triceratops).
Maxilla: 41 (at best) (Incomplete, tip is missing).
(?)Dentary: 52.5 cm (Incomplete; measured up to end of curve in angular).
Humerus (Larson's Twitter Post):.jpg)
Humerus: 27.3 cm (at best).
Radius: 16 cm.
Ulna: 20.4 cm.
Manual phalanx 1-1: 15 cm.
Length:
"Jane":
Skull: 77.7 cm.
Humerus: 29.1 cm.
Body: 6.7 m.
1. Skull:
81 - 77.7 = 3.3.
3.3/77.7*100 = 4.3% increase.
7.2 m + 4.3% = 25 feet (7.5 meters).
*2. Humerus:
29.1 - 27.3 = 1.8.
1.8/29.1*100 = 6.2% decrease.
6.7 m - 6.2% = 21 feet (6.3 meters).
Manual phalanx 1-1:
ANSP 9995 (Holotype):
Manual phalanx 1-1: 16 (incomplete).
Length: 7.5 m.
16 - 15 = 1.
1/16*100 = 6.3% decrease.
7.5 m - 6.3% = 23 feet (7.0 meters).
I'll go with the humerus length.
Links:
Nanotyrannus is a species of Dryptosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2021/08/evidence-of-subadult-nanotyrannus.html
Dalman et al., (2018):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328676947_TYRANNOSAURID_TEETH_FROM_THE_UPPER_CRETACEOUS_CAMPANIAN_TWO_MEDICINE_FORMATION_OF_MONTANA
5. BHI 6437 ("Bloody Mary"/"Dueling Dinosaurs" specimen):
Skull (Dino Death Match, Nat Geo, 26:13):
Skull (Dino Death Match, Nat Geo, 26:13):
.png)
Maxilla: 41 (at best) (Incomplete, tip is missing).
(?)Dentary: 52.5 cm (Incomplete; measured up to end of curve in angular).
Humerus (Larson's Twitter Post):
.jpg)
Radius: 16 cm.
Ulna: 20.4 cm.
Manual phalanx 1-1: 15 cm.
Length:
"Jane":
Skull: 77.7 cm.
Humerus: 29.1 cm.
Body: 6.7 m.
1. Skull:
81 - 77.7 = 3.3.
3.3/77.7*100 = 4.3% increase.
7.2 m + 4.3% = 25 feet (7.5 meters).
*2. Humerus:
29.1 - 27.3 = 1.8.
1.8/29.1*100 = 6.2% decrease.
6.7 m - 6.2% = 21 feet (6.3 meters).
Manual phalanx 1-1:
ANSP 9995 (Holotype):
Manual phalanx 1-1: 16 (incomplete).
Length: 7.5 m.
16 - 15 = 1.
1/16*100 = 6.3% decrease.
7.5 m - 6.3% = 23 feet (7.0 meters).
I'll go with the humerus length.
BHI 6437's total length: 21 feet (6.3 meters).
Link:
Dino Death Match
Larson's Twitter Post:
6. HRS11186:
Ulna (SWAU, HRS11186). Scale bar is 10 cm:%20HRS11186%20ulna%20(SWAU).jpg)
Length: 23.1 cm (Measured on 6/6/22).
BHI 6437:
Ulna: 20.4 cm.
Length: 6.3 meters.
23.1 - 20.4 = 2.7.
2.7/20.4*100. =13.2% increase.
6.3 m + 13.2% = 23 feet (7.1 meters).
HRS11186's total length: 23 feet (7.1 meters).
6. KUVP 156375 ("Laurel"):
Maxillae (Fossil Forum). I used 5 cm from the scale bar shown:.jpg)
-First (top): 50 cm (at best).
-Second (bottom): 49.5 cm.
Age: Juvenile (Burnham et al., 2018; SVP, 2018) (p. 99):%20from%202018%20(Burnham%20et%20al.,%202018,%20from%20SVP,%202018,%20p.%2099).png)
Length:
"Jane":
Maxilla: 48 cm.
Length: 6.7 m.
First maxilla:
1. "Jane":
50 - 48 = 2.
2/48*100 = 4.2% increase.
6.7 m + 4.2% = 23 feet (7.0 meters).
Link:
Dino Death Match
Larson's Twitter Post:
https://mobile.twitter.com/PeteLarsonTrex/status/762721220701847552
6. HRS11186:
Ulna (SWAU, HRS11186). Scale bar is 10 cm:
%20HRS11186%20ulna%20(SWAU).jpg)
BHI 6437:
Ulna: 20.4 cm.
Length: 6.3 meters.
23.1 - 20.4 = 2.7.
2.7/20.4*100. =13.2% increase.
6.3 m + 13.2% = 23 feet (7.1 meters).
HRS11186's total length: 23 feet (7.1 meters).
6. KUVP 156375 ("Laurel"):
Maxillae (Fossil Forum). I used 5 cm from the scale bar shown:
.jpg)
-Second (bottom): 49.5 cm.
Age: Juvenile (Burnham et al., 2018; SVP, 2018) (p. 99):
%20from%202018%20(Burnham%20et%20al.,%202018,%20from%20SVP,%202018,%20p.%2099).png)
"Jane":
Maxilla: 48 cm.
Length: 6.7 m.
First maxilla:
1. "Jane":
50 - 48 = 2.
2/48*100 = 4.2% increase.
6.7 m + 4.2% = 23 feet (7.0 meters).
KUVP 156375's total length: 23 feet (7.0 meters).
Links:
Photo:
.jpg)
Length: 41 cm (Measured on 6/6/22).
Links:
Photo:
https://images.app.goo.gl/b9aSDriLkGvK9eGT7
Fossil Forum:
http://www.thefossilforum.com/index.php?/topic/93287-the-case-for-nanotyrannus/page/3/
Burnham et al., (2018) (SVP, 2018) (P. 99):
7. HRS08 ("Zuri"):
Maxilla (SWAU, HRS08438). Scale bar is 10 cm:
.jpg)
"Jane":
Maxilla: 48 cm.
Length: 6.7 m.
41 - 48 = 7.
7/48*100. = 14.6% decrease.
6.7 m - 4.6% = 21 feet (6.4 meters).
*Check dentary tooth row*
Link:
SWAU. HRS08438:
https://fossil.swau.edu/link/Public/Browse/Specimen/HRS08438
In summation, most of the "Nanotyrannus" specimens are smaller than the Dryptosaurus aquilunguis holotype, which helps to support my hypothesis that "Nanotyrannus" is actually
Dryptosaurus. "Laurel" is the same size as the holotype despite being a juvenile. HRS11186 is larger than the Dryptosaurus holotype, so this could be another adult specimen of Dryptosaurus aquilunguis.
Dryptosaurus' Total Length: 15-28 feet (4.6-8.4 meters).
