Saturday, July 11, 2020

Size Calculations for Allosaurus.

Allosaurus:
Size calculations for Allosaurus.

 The Percentage Increase/Decrease Method:
1. Take new number and subtract it from original number.
2. Take that number and divide it by the original number and multiply by 100.
3. That number will by your percentage increase or decrease if it's negative.

Ex.: "Stan's" Femur is 130 and has a body length of 12.2 meters. "Wyrex" has a femur length of 132.7 cm.

132.7 - 130 = 2.7.
2.7 divided by (represented by "/") and multiplied by (represented by "*") equals 2.1.
(2.7/130*100 = 2.1)
2.1 is your percentage increase, or 2.1% increase.
12.2 m + 2.1% = 12.5 meters for "Wyrex."

Links:
Percentage Increase/Decrease Method Links:
"Percentage Change - Percentage Increase and Decrease." SkillsYouNeed:
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/percent-change.html
"Relative Increase." percentage.calculators.ro:
https://percentages.calculators.ro/15-percentage-increase-from-original-number-to-new-value.php

According to Evers et al., (2020), there doesn't seem to be any diagnostic features between the multiple species of Allosaurus, based on a study of multiple skulls (mainly cheek or jugal bones) ("Introduction," Figure 5, "Discussion," and "Conclusion"). It seems that Allosaurus fragilis is the only valid species of Allosaurus so far. Therefore, all specimens listed below belong to Allosaurus fragilis.

Links:
Evers et al., (2020) ("Introduction," Figure 5, "Discussion," and "Conclusion"):
How Many Species of Allosaurus Are There!?:

Femurs:
1. NMMNH P-26083:
Femur: 103.0 cm. (Measured on 9/8/19 in Heckert et al., 2003, pg. 319, "B")

Originally called an unidentified allosauridae in Heckert et al., (2003), the paper says that the bones are too large to belong to Allosaurus. However, the specimen doesn't share any similar features to Saurophaganax (pg. 320-321). Mickey Mortimer from the Theropod Database also identified this specimen as Allosaurus fragilis. Interestingly, Lucas and Heckert (2015) said that the specimen was "Saurophaganax-like," but still calls it an allosaurid instead of directly calling it Saurophaganax (pg. 100). Since Saurophaganax is a carcharodontosaurid now, it seems more likely than ever that this specimen is Allosaurus.

Suchomimus:
Femur: 107.5 cm.
Body: 10.0 meters.

107.5 - 103 = 4.5.
4.5/107.5*100 = 4.2% decrease.
10.0 m - 4.2% = 32 feet (9.6 meters).
Theropod Database:
From Foster and Chure (2006):
Femur: 1.008 meters.
Tibia: 85.6 cm.

NMMNH P-26083:
Femur: 103 cm.
Body: 9.6 meters.

103 - 100.8 = 2.2.
2.2/103*100 = 2.1% decrease.
9.6 m - 2.2% = 31 feet (9.4 meters).

Link:
Foster and Chure (2006):

3. DNM: 
Femur: 91.0 cm. (Madsen (1976, pg. 43)

AMNH 680:
Femur: 1.008 meters.
Tibia: 85.6 cm.
Body: 9.4 meters.

91 - 100.8 = 9.8.
9.8/100.8*100 = 9.7% decrease.
9.4 m - 9.7% = 28 feet (8.5 meters).

Link:
Madsen, Jim. Allosaurus Fragilis: A Revised Osteology. Originally published in 1976, re-published in 1993. Web.:
4. UUVP 6000:
Femur: 88 cm. (Madsen (1976, pg. 43)

DNM:
Femur: 91.0 cm. 
Body: 8.5 m.

91 - 88 = 3.
3/91*100 = 3.3% decrease.
8.5 m - 3.3% = 27 feet (8.2 meters).

Link:
Madsen, Jim. Allosaurus Fragilis: A Revised Osteology. Originally published in 1976, re-published in 1993. Web.:

DNM: 
Femur: 91.0 cm.
Body: 8.5 meters.
85 - 91 = 6.
6/91*100 = 6.6% increase.
8.5 m - 6.6% = 26 feet (7.9 meters).

UUVP 6000:
Femur: 88 cm.
Body: 8.2 m.

88 - 85 = 3.
3/88*100 = 3.4% decrease.
8.2 m - 3.4% = 26 feet (7.9 meters).

USNM's Stats:
Humerus: 31.0 cm. (Gilmore 1920, pg. 59)
Femur: 85 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 69)
Tibia: 69 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 71)
Fibula: 62.3 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 71)
Coracoid (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 58):
Length: 12 cm.
Width: 17 cm.
Scapula-Coracoid (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 58): 
Length: 79.5 cm.
Skull: 60.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 9)
Body: 26 feet (7.9 meters).

Gilmore (1920) (pg. 9-71):

Humerus:
7. UUVP 3607 (Largest Femur in Madsen, 1976):
Humerus: 38.6 cm. (Madsen, 1976, pg. 41)

USNM 4734:
Humerus: 31.0 cm. 
Body: 26 feet (7.9 meters).

38.6 - 31 = 7.6.
7.6/31*100 = 24.5% increase.
7.9 m + 24.5% = 32 feet (9.8 meters).

Link:
Madsen, Jim. Allosaurus Fragilis: A Revised Osteology. Originally published in 1976, re-published in 1993. Web.:
Link 2:
https://digitallibrary.utah.gov/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=39079
Link 3:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7f14/5dfab1a6a66f15bdd22791dfec34d8b5c927.pdf?_ga=2.101699777.1756070742.1594155942-1908276041.1593232121

8. SMA 0005 ("Big Al TWO/2"):
Size estimate: 7.6 meters. (Foth et al., 2015, "Materials and Methods") (BHIGR)

Stated to have been 12% larger than MOR 693 ("Big Al"). (Foth et al., 2015, "Materials and Methods") However, "Big Al" was stated to have been 8.0 meters long (Breithaupt, Retrieved in 2019, stated near "Figure 5"). I got 10.6 meters. Foth et al., (2015) said that SMA was a large, and possibly an adult, specimen ("Abstract"), so SMA would have to be a large specimen.

Coracoid Length (Up to beginning of gleniod facet [marked]): 17.2 cm. (Measured in Foth et al., 2015, Figure 8, "A")

USNM 4734:
Coracoid (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 58):
Length: 12 cm.
Width: 17 cm.
Scapula-Coracoid (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 58): 
Length: 79.5 cm.
Body: 7.9 meters.

17.2 - 12 = 5.2.
5.2/12*100 = 43.3% increase.
7.9 m + 43.3% = 37 feet (11.3 meters).

I thought that 11.3 meters might have been a little too big, but if SMA was a "large, almost complete, possibly adult" specimen, then 11.3 meters does fall within the adult size range for an average. As I've said before, I got 10.6 meters for "Big Al," so I'll keep this length.

Update (5/8/21):
Skull: 79 cm (BHIGR).

Allosaurus (?)lucasi Specimen YPM PV 57589 (Holotype):
Skull: 77.5 cm.
Body: 33 feet (10.1 meters).

77.5 - 79 = 1.5.
1.5/77.5*100 = 1.9% increase.
10.1 m + 1.9% = 34 feet (10.3 meters).

Big Al Two's Total Length: 34 feet (10.3 meters).
Skull: 79 cm.

Link:
Foth et al., (2015):
BHIGR:
Evers et al., (2020) ("Introduction," Figure 5, "Discussion," and "Conclusion"):
9. AMNH 5767:
Originally called "Epanterias amplexus" (Cope, 1878, pg. 406), and considered a sauropod. However, it was revealed to have been a theropod (Osborn and Mook, 1912, pg. 282). It's now considered either to be indistinguishable from Allosaurus fragillis (Osborn and Mook, 1912, pg. 282), or a nomen dubium by Paul and Carpenter (2010) (pg. 54). However, aside from the holotype, Paleontologists Robert Bakker is said to have discovered a second specimen (called CPS 99 by Theropod Database) (Browne, 1990). Therefore, Epanterias might be its own species after all. I can't find any measurements for CPS 99, so I'll just stick with the holotype.

Size:
Size estimate: 50 feet. (Dr. Bakker in Browne, 1990) (Lee Dye, 1990) (Popular Science, 1990, pg. 26) (Real Colorado Travel, 2012) (North Forty News, 2017)

Coracoid (On Bottom) (Paleofile): 
Length: 24 cm. (I got it twice on 9/3/19)
Width: 34.0 cm. 
Scapula-coracoid (Paleofile):
Length: 132 cm.
Allosaurus fragilis Specimen USNM 4734:
Coracoid (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 58):
Length: 12 cm.
Width: 17 cm.
Scapula-Coracoid (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 58): 
Length: 79.5 cm.
Body: 7.9 meters.

*Coracoid Length:
24 - 12 = 12.
12/12*100 = 100% increase.
7.9 m + 100% = 52 feet (15.8 meters).

Scapula-coracoid Length:
79.5 - 132 = 52.5.
52.5/79.5*100 = 66% increase.
7.9 m + 66% = 43 feet (13.1 meters).

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen SMA 0005 ("Big Al 2"):
Coracoid Length (Up to gleniod facet): 17.2 cm.
Body: 11.3 meters.

24 - 17.2 = 6.8.
6.8/17.2*100 = 39.5% increase.
11.3 m + 39.5% = 52 feet (15.8 meters).

I'm a bit torn on this. The coracoid is huge. I thought part of the scapula was broken off with the coracoid. However, Osborn and Mook (1912) (pg. 284) said that only the coracoid was broken off from the scapula. I was skeptical when I got the 15.8-meter length from USNM, but I got the same length using "Big Al TWO." Therefore, based on the length of the coracoid, Epanterias was a whooping 15.8 meters! It also seems consistent with the 50-foot estimate by Bakker. Paleontologist Mickey Mortimer in 2003 said that Epanterias was larger than Saurophaganax. Plus, the coracoid is the only part of the scapulacoracoid that exists, so I'll go with that length.

Is It Allosaurus?
As for being its own species, I don't know whether to call this animal Epanterias or Allosaurus. As stated before, Paul and Carpenter (2010) said that it was a nomen dubium at best (pg. 54). Osborn and Mook (1912) said that Epanterias cannot be distinguished from Allosaurus (fragilis) (pg. 282). With that quote in mind, I'm going to assign "Epanterias" to Allosaurus fragilis.

Notes: 
-North Forty News (2017) said that the bones discovered in 1990, originally designated to Epanterias, are now assigned to Allosaurus.

 -In a dml.cmnh.org email from 2000, it was also stated that the 1990's Epanterias fossil was a large specimen of Allosaurus fragilis.

-Paleontologist Andrea Cau (2009) also says that Epanterias is Allosaurus fragilis.

-Weishampel et al., (2004) says that Epanterias is Allosaurus fragilis (Pg. 74-75).

-Madsen (1976/1993) also said that Epanterias was Allosaurus fragilis (pg. 5). 

Personal Observation: The 1st or 2nd dorsal vertebrae of AMNH 5767 (Osborn and Mook, 1912, pg. 283) is identical to a normal 2nd Allosaurus fragilis dorsal vertebrae seen in Madsen (1976/1993) (pg. 85, "A"-"C"). Therefore, AMNH 5767 is Allosaurus fragilis.

Update (3/15/21): 
Acrocanthosaurus NCSM 14345:
Scapulacoracoid: 118 cm (Currie and Carpenter, 1999, Table 1).
Body: 12.0 meters.

118 - 132 = 14.
14/118*100 = 11.9% increase.
12 m + 11.9% = 44 feet (13.4 meters).

Links: 
Cope (1878) (pg. 406):
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/272127
Paleofile:
http://www.paleofile.com/Dinosaurs/Theropods/Allosaurus.asp
Paul and Carpenter (2010) (pg. 54):
http://gspauldino.com/images/BZN67(1)Case3506.pdf
Browne (1990):
Osborn and Mook (1912) (pg. 282 and 284):
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c087390587&view=1up&seq=136&size=200
Mickey Mortimer (2003):
http://dml.cmnh.org/2003Jul/msg00355.html
Allosaurus fragilis Discovery Date:
NMNH Paleontology Department (2018):
https://www.si.edu/es/object/nmnhpaleobiology_3451298
North Forty News (2017):
https://northfortynews.com/the-monster-of-masonville/
Lee Dye (1990):
Real Colorado Travel (2012):
"Epanterias Amplexus." dml.cmnh.org. 2000:
http://dml.cmnh.org/2000Aug/msg00404.html
Andrea Cau (2009):
http://translate.google.com/translate?u=https%3A//theropoda.blogspot.com/search%3Fq%3Depanterias&hl=en&langpair=it|en&tbb=1&ie=UTF-8
Weishampel et al., (2004) (Pg. 74-75):
https://books.google.com/books?id=h4WRTHfTzXsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=neovenator+miwg+4199&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivy66r7ILjAhVpmuAKHVHOBKIQ6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=tyrannosaurus&f=false
Link 2:
Link 2:
https://digitallibrary.utah.gov/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=39079
Link 3:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7f14/5dfab1a6a66f15bdd22791dfec34d8b5c927.pdf?_ga=2.101699777.1756070742.1594155942-1908276041.1593232121

Skulls:
10. MOR 693 ("Big Al"): 
Estimated length: 8.0 meters. (Breithaupt, no date, stated near "Figure 5")

Skull (From Serjoscha Ever's Twitter Page): 
Length: 81.3 cm. (Measured on 9/6/19)

USNM 4734:
Skull: 60.5 cm.
Body: 7.9 meters.

60.5 - 81.3 = 20.8.
20.8/60.5*100 = 34.4% in.
7.9 m + 34.4% = 35 feet (10.6 meters).

Allosaurus (?)lucasi Specimen YPM PV 57589 (Holotype):
Skull: 77.5 cm.
Body: 33 feet (10.1 meters).

77.5 - 81.3 = 3.8.
3.8/77.5*100 = 4.9% increase.
10.1 m + 4.9% = 35 feet (10.6 meters).

"Big Al" was 87% grown (Laws, 1996, pg. 51).

Adult Length:
10.6 m + 13% = 39 feet (12.0 meters).

Note: "Big Al" was said to be 10.0 meters long in the documentary Allosaurus: Walking With Dinosaurs Special (2000) (21:20).

Links:
Evers et al., (2020) ("Introduction," Figure 5, "Discussion," and "Conclusion"):
Chure and Loewen (2020):
https://peerj.com/articles/7803/
Breithaupt. Retrieved in 2019. (Stated Near "Figure 5"):
Theropod Database:

11. AMNH 666:
Skull: 88.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 9) (Osborn, 1903, pg. 697)

MOR 693 ("Big Al"):
Skull: 81.3 cm.
Body: 10.6 meters.

88.5 - 81.3 = 7.2.
7.2/81.3*100 = 8.9% in.
10.6 m + 8.9% = 38 feet (11.5 meters).

Link:
Osborn (1903) (Pg. 697):
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1510//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B019a31.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Gilmore (1920) (Pg. 9):
https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/10107

12. 82.5-cm Skull (Dinosaur Corporation):

MOR 693 ("Big Al"):
Skull: 81.3 cm.
Body: 10.6 meters.

82.5 -81.3 = 1.2.
1.2/81.3*100 = 1.5% increase.
10.6 m + 1.5% = 35 feet (10.8 meters).

Link:
Dinosaur Corporation:
https://www.dinosaurcorporation.com/alfr.html

13. YPM PV 57589 (Holotype) (Largest/Adult Specimen):
Skull: 77.5 cm. (Dalman, 2014, pg. 162)

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen USNM 4734:
Skull: 60.5 cm.
Body: 7.9 meters.
77.5 - 60.5 = 17.
17/60.5*100 = 28.1% increase.

7.9 m + 28.1% = 33 feet (10.1 meters).

Link:
Dalman (2014) (pg. 162):
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:BIvP0C4_wd8J:9048.indexcopernicus.com/fulltxt.php%3FICID%3D1130141+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari
Theropod Database:
("A. lucasi"):
https://www.theropoddatabase.com/Carnosauria.htm#Allosaurusfragilis
Chure and Loewen (2020) ("Discovery and exavational history," p. 5):
https://peerj.com/articles/7803/
Evers et al., (2020) ("Introduction," Figure 5, "Discussion," and "Conclusion"):
14. MB.R3620:
Tibia: 91 cm. (Fossilworks) (Mortimer, 2003)

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen UUVP 6000:
Femur: 88 cm.
Tibia: 74.5 cm. (Madsen, 1976, pg. 44)
Body: 8.2 meters.

74.5 - 91 = 16.5.
16.5/74.5*100 = 22.2% increase.
8.2 m + 22.2% = 33 feet (10.0 meters).

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen AMNH 680:
Femur: 1.008 meters.
Tibia: 85.6 cm.
Body: 9.4 meters.

85.6 - 91 = 5.4.
5.4/85.6*100 = 6.3% increase.
9.4 m + 6.3% = 33 feet (10.0 meters).

Links:
Fossilworks:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=64341
Mortimer (2003):
http://dml.cmnh.org/2003Jul/msg00355.html
Rauhut (2005) (pg. 209):
https://www.academia.edu/25456862/Theropod_dinosaurs_from_the_Late_Jurassic_of_Tendaguru_Tanzania
Time:
Fossilworks:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=64341
Weishampel et al., (2004) (Pg. 74-75):
Link 2:

15. MNHNUL/AND.001:
Femur: 43.5 cm (at best). (Measured in Perez-Moreno et al., 1999)

USNM 4734:
Femur: 85 cm. 
Body: 7.9 meters.

85 - 43.5 = -41.5.
-41.5/85*100 = 48.8% decrease.
7.9 m - 48.8% = 14 feet (4.1 meters).

Femur: 84.5 cm (at best). (Measured on 5/3/20 in Malafaia et al., 2007, pg. 260, Figure 2, "C," anterior; measured with scale bar from "B")

MNHNUL/AND.001's Femur (Malafaia et al., 2007, pg. 260, Figure 2, "C," anterior; measured with scale bar from "B"). Scale bar is 9 cm:
USNM 4734:
Femur: 85 cm. 
Body: 7.9 meters.

85 - 84.5 = 0.5.
0.5/85*100 = 0.6% decrease.
7.9 m + 0.6% = 26 feet (7.9 meters).

Links:
Perez-Moreno et al., (1999):
http://hazy.cs.wisc.edu/hazy/share/zifeipdf/10381/input_k2opt.pdf
Malafaia et al., (2007):

16. ML415: 
Skull: 81 cm (Measured on 11/27/19 in Mateus et al., 2006, pg. 5)

A. fragilis Specimen MOR 693 ("Big Al"):
Skull: 81.3 cm.
Body: 35 feet (10.6 meters).

81 - 81.3 = -0.3.
-0.3/81.3*100 = 0.4% decrease.
10.6 m - 0.4% = 35 feet (10.6 meters). 

Links:
Mateus et al., (2006) (pg. 5):
https://docentes.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/omateus/files/mateus_walen_antunes_-_2006_-_the_large_theropod_fauna_of_the_lourinha_formation__portugal__and_its_similarity_to_the_morrison_formation__with_a_description_of_a_new_species_of_allosaurus.pdf
Fossilworks:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=94354
Link 2:
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&taxon_no=94354&max_interval=Jurassic&country=Portugal&is_real_user=1&basic=yes&type=view&match_subgenera=1
Time:
Mateus et al., (2006) (pg. 5):
https://docentes.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/omateus/files/mateus_walen_antunes_-_2006_-_the_large_theropod_fauna_of_the_lourinha_formation__portugal__and_its_similarity_to_the_morrison_formation__with_a_description_of_a_new_species_of_allosaurus.pdf

16. YPM VP.1879/1892 (Holotype):
Skull: 88 cm (Estimated from a quadrate). (Galton et al., 2015, pg. 327 and 329)

A. fragilis Specimen AMNH 666:
Skull: 88.5 cm. (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 9)
Body: 38 feet (11.5 meters).

88 - 88.5 = 0.5.
0.5/88.5*100 = 0.6% decrease.
11.5 m - 0.6% = 37 feet (11.4 meters).

Link:
Galton et al., (2015):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273334027_The_holotype_pes_of_the_Morrison_dinosaur_Camptonotus_amplus_MARSH_1879_Upper_Jurassic_western_USA_-_Is_it_Camptosaurus_Sauropoda_or_Allosaurus
Chure and Loewen (2020):
Evers et al., (2020) ("Introduction," Figure 5, "Discussion," and "Conclusion"):
17. "Dracula":
Skull: 30 inches (76.2 cm).

A. fragilis Specimen USNM 4734:
Skull: 60.5 cm.
Body: 7.9 meters.

60.5 - 76.2 = 15.7.
15.7/60.5*100 = 26% increase.
7.9 m + 26% = 33 feet (10.0 meters).

 Links:
Etsy:
https://www.etsy.com/listing/660375933/allosaurus-jimmadseni-dracula-skull?ref=landingpage_similar_listing_top-4&frs=1
Heritage Auctions, INC.:
https://fineart.ha.com/itm/dinosauria/bones/the-allosaurus-dracula-mounted-skeleton/a/6061-49072.s
Species:
Evers et al., (2020) ("Introduction," Figure 5, "Discussion," and "Conclusion"):

18. DINO 11541 (Holotype):
Femur: 59.9 cm. (NPS)

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen USNM 4734:
Femur: 85 cm. 
Body: 7.9 meters.

85 - 59.9 = 25.1.
25.1/85*100 = 29.5% decrease.
7.9 m - 29.5% = 18 feet (5.6 meters).

This seems to have been a juvenile. It was also concluded that the holotype was not fully grown in Chure and Loewen (2020) ("Ontogenetic Assessment of Dino 11541," p. 4-5).

Links:
Femur:
https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/dino/exb/femur_dino11541p_exb.html
Phalange (Hand Claw):
Metatarsals:
Humerus:
Left:
Right (Larger):
Scapula-Coracoid:
https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/dino/exb/tibia_fibula_dino11541n_exb.html
Age:
Chure and Loewen (2020):
Species:
Evers et al., (2020) ("Introduction," Figure 5, "Discussion," and "Conclusion"):
19. OMNH 01935: 
Humerus: 59 cm. (Measured in Chure, 1995, pg. 105, "N," Caudal)
Note: Mickey Mortimer in 2015 said that she got 54.5 cm for the humerus, but said she might have been wrong. From my size estimate, she wasn't off.

Update (12/9/19): OMNH 01935 Humerus ("A") (Cuesta et al., 2018) (Scale bar is 5 cm):
Note: Allosaurus fragilis humeri ("B" and "C") are both identical to OMNH's humerus. 

Length: 51 cm. (Measured in Cuesta et al., 2018, "Discussion," Figure 16, "A," Anterior)
Still not too off from Mickey Mortimer's original measurement of 54.5 cm.

Allosaurus fragilis Specimen UUVP 3607: 
Humerus: 38.6 cm.
Body: 9.8 meters.

59 - 38.6 = 20.4.
20.4/38.6*100 = 52.9% increase.
9.8 m + 52.9% = 49 feet (15.0 meters).

51 - 38.6 = 12.4.
12.4/38.6*100 = 32.1% increase.
9.8 m + 32.1% = 43 feet (13.0 meters).

OMNH 01935's Total Length: 43 feet (13.0 meters).

Links:
Cuesta et al., (2018) ("Discussion"):
Chure (1995) (Pg. 105):
Which Saurophaganax specimens are Allosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2019/12/is-saurophaganax-carcharodontosaurid_21.html

20. OMNH 01708:
Metatarsal 3 (Longest Metatarsal): 45 cm (at best). (Measured on 6/29/29 in Chure, 1995, Figure 2, "I").

USNM 4734:
Metatarsal 3 Length: 32.7 cm (Gilmore, 1920, pg. 75).
Body Length: 7.9 meters.

32.7 - 45 = 12.3.
12.3/32.7*100 = 37.6% increase.
7.9 m + 37.6% = 36 feet (10.9 meters).

 Links:
Chure (1995) (Figure 2, "I"):
Which Saurophaganax specimens are Allosaurus:
https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2019/12/is-saurophaganax-carcharodontosaurid_21.html

21. 90-CM Skull:
AMNH 666:
Skull: 88.5 cm.
Body: 11.5 meters.

88.5 - 90 = 1.5
1.5/88.5*100 = 1.7% increase.
11.5 m + 1.7% = 38 feet (11.7 meters).

Link:
Skull Store:
https://www.skullstore.ca/collections/dinosaur-fossils/products/allosaurus-dinosaur-skull-cast

Manus Claws:
22. 26-cm Manus Claw:
DINO 11541:
Manus Claw: 11 cm.
Length: 5.6 meters.

26 - 11 = 15.
15/11*100 = 136.4% increase.
5.6 m + 136.4% = 43 feet (13.2 meters).

Link:
The Prehistoric Store:
DINO 11541 Phalange (Hand/Manus Claw):

23. 29.2-cm Claw:
26-cm Claw:
Length: 13.2 meters.

29.2 - 26 = 3.2.
3.2/26*100 = 12.3% increase.
13.2 m + 12.3% = 49 feet (14.8 meters).

Links:
Baystate Replicas 2:
http://www.baystatereplicas2.com/product/allosaurus-foot-claw/
Amazon:
https://www.amazon.com/Prehistoric-Planet-Store-Allosaurus-record/dp/B008UZE9AY
Store For Knowledge:
https://www.storeforknowledge.com/Allosaurus-Fragilis-Dinosaur-Claw-Record-Replica-115-P4439.aspx?gclid=CjwKCAjwxqX4BRBhEiwAYtJX7dZqMFhtvvA_eng7D8R24Gz8kX5oKkhnKaiibrkHPwz-bVBVp70h2xoC0B0QAvD_BwE
Prehistoric Planet Store:
http://www.prehistoricstore.com/item.php?item=157
Dinosaurs Rock Superstore:
https://www.dinosaursrocksuperstore.com/collections/fossil-replicas-1/products/allosaurus-dinosaur-claw-dinosaur-replica
Fossil Connoisseur:
http://www.fossilconnoisseur.com/rapidcart-12/dinosaur_claws.html

24. 30.5-cm Claw:
29.2-cm Claw:
Length: 14.8 meters.

30.5 - 29.2 = 1.3.
1.3/29.2*100 = 4.5% increase.
14.8 m + 4.5% = 51 feet (15.5 meters).

Link:
Prehistoric Planet Store:
http://www.prehistoricstore.com/item.php?item=285

Allosaurus' Adult Total Length: 26-44 feet (7.9-13.4 meters).
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